Background: Employing a developmental psychopathology framework, we tested the utility of the hormesis model in examining the strengthening of children and youth through limited levels of adversity in relation to internalizing and externalizing outcomes within a brain-by-development context. Methods: Analyzing data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study (N = 11,878), we formed latent factors of threat, deprivation, and unpredictability. We examined linear and nonlinear associations between adversity dimensions and youth psychopathology symptoms and how change of resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in the default mode network (DMN) from Time 1 to Time 5 moderates these associations. Results: A cubic association was found between threat and youth internalizing problems; low-to-moderate family conflict levels reduced these problems. Deprivation also displayed a cubic relation with youth externalizing problems, with moderate deprivation levels associated with fewer problems. Unpredictability linearly increased both problem types. Change in DMN rsFC significantly moderated the cubic link between threat levels and internalizing problems, with declining DMN rsFC levels from Time 1 to Time 5 facilitating hormesis. Hormetic effects peaked earlier, emphasizing the importance of sensitive periods and developmental timing of outcomes related to earlier experiences. Conclusions: Strengthening through limited environmental adversity is crucial for developing human resilience. Understanding this process requires considering both linear and nonlinear adversity-psychopathology associations. Testing individual differences by brain and developmental context will inform preventive intervention programming.

中文翻译：

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通过逆境增强力量：发展精神病理学中的毒物兴奋效应模型

背景：采用发展精神病理学框架，我们测试了毒物兴奋效应模型的实用性，以检查儿童和青少年在有限程度的逆境中与大脑发育背景下的内化和外化结果相关的强化。方法：分析青少年大脑和认知发展研究的数据（氮= 11,878），我们形成了威胁、剥夺和不可预测性的潜在因素。我们研究了逆境维度与青少年精神病理学症状之间的线性和非线性关联，以及默认模式网络 (DMN) 中静息态功能连接 (rsFC) 从时间 1 到时间 5 的变化如何调节这些关联。结果：威胁与青少年内化问题之间存在三次关联；低至中等程度的家庭冲突减少了这些问题。剥夺也与青少年外化问题呈立方关系，中等程度的剥夺水平与较少的问题相关。不可预测性会线性增加这两种问题类型。 DMN rsFC 的变化显着缓和了威胁水平和内化问题之间的立方联系，DMN rsFC 水平从时间 1 下降到时间 5 有利于毒物兴奋效应。激素效应较早达到顶峰，强调敏感期和与早期经历相关的结果的发育时间的重要性。结论：通过有限的环境逆境加强力量对于发展人类的复原力至关重要。理解这个过程需要考虑线性和非线性逆境与心理病理学的关联。通过大脑和发育环境测试个体差异将为预防性干预规划提供信息。