Modern power systems, referred to as cyber-physical energy systems (CPESs), are complex systems with strong interdependencies between power and information and communication technology (ICT) systems. CPESs also have dependencies between the essential grid services. For instance, coordinated voltage control depends on state estimation, which depends on measurement acquisition. Since the operation of CPESs is largely influenced by these grid services, assessing their performance is crucial for assessing the performance of a CPES. Most of these grid services are enabled by the ICT system, i.e., they rely to a high degree on ICT. Hence, properties such as availability, correctness and timeliness, which depend on the involved software, hardware and data of the ICT system, must be considered for assessing the performance of an ICT-enabled grid service. Disturbances and repairs in CPESs impact these properties, which can then propagate and affect the performance of a grid service as well as other dependent grid services. There is, therefore, a need to model the influence of the properties of software, hardware and data on ICT-enabled grid services for single services as well as across several services, resulting in a propagation of these parameters. Current literature lacks such a model, which can used not only to investigate but also to visualise the impact of these properties on the overall perfromance of a grid service as well as other dependent grid services. This paper proposes a meta model for assessing the performance of ICT-enabled grid services, which can be instantiated for different grid services considering their dependencies. A multi-dimensional operational state space, which serves as a visualisation of the performance of grid services in terms of their state trajectory, is also proposed in this paper. The contributions are then demonstrated by a case study with a state estimation service and the widely-used CIGRE medium voltage benchmark power grid augmented with an ICT system. Three scenarios with disturbances are presented to show the benefits of the contributions. Specifically, the performance of the state estimation service considering the disturbances is investigated using the meta model, and the change in performance is visualised as trajectories using the operational state space. These contributions enable new possibilities for planning and vulnerability analyses: property changes in parts of the ICT system can be simulated to investigate their consequences throughout the ICT-enabled grid services. A trajectory representing their performance can then be visualized in the state space based on which measures could be implemented to potentially improve the resilience of the service against the considered disturbances.

中文翻译：

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对网络物理能源系统中跨服务的属性传播进行建模

现代电力系统，称为网络物理能源系统（CPES），是电力与信息和通信技术（ICT）系统之间具有很强相互依赖性的复杂系统。 CPES 在基本网格服务之间也具有依赖性。例如，协调电压控制取决于状态估计，而状态估计又取决于测量采集。由于CPES的运行在很大程度上受到这些网格服务的影响，因此评估其性能对于评估CPES的性能至关重要。这些网格服务大多是由ICT系统实现的，即对ICT的依赖程度较高。因此，在评估ICT支持的网格服务的性能时，必须考虑可用性、正确性和及时性等属性，这些属性取决于ICT系统所涉及的软件、硬件和数据。 CPES 中的干扰和修复会影响这些属性，然后这些属性会传播并影响网格服务以及其他相关网格服务的性能。因此，需要对软件、硬件和数据的属性对单个服务以及跨多个服务的 ICT 网格服务的影响进行建模，从而导致这些参数的传播。目前的文献缺乏这样的模型，它不仅可以用于研究，还可以可视化这些属性对网格服务以及其他依赖的网格服务的整体性能的影响。本文提出了一种用于评估支持 ICT 的网格服务性能的元模型，考虑到它们的依赖性，可以针对不同的网格服务进行实例化。本文还提出了一种多维操作状态空间，它可以根据状态轨迹可视化网格服务的性能。然后通过状态估计服务和广泛使用的 CIGRE 中压基准电网（通过 ICT 系统增强）的案例研究来证明这些贡献。提出了三种存在干扰的场景来显示贡献的好处。具体来说，使用元模型研究考虑干扰的状态估计服务的性能，并使用操作状态空间将性能的变化可视化为轨迹。这些贡献为规划和脆弱性分析提供了新的可能性：可以模拟 ICT 系统部分的属性变化，以调查其在整个 ICT 支持的网格服务中的后果。然后可以在状态空间中可视化代表其性能的轨迹，基于该轨迹可以实施措施以潜在地提高服务针对所考虑的干扰的弹性。