Cementitious materials composed entirely of solid waste are expected to replace cement and alleviate environmental pollution problems. Due to limitations in reaction rate and strength, a composite activator comprising NaOH and water glass was employed to investigate the effect of composite activator content (0–12.0% NaO equivalent) on pore solution pH, hydration products, microscopic morphology, and pore structure of ternary alkali-activated materials prepared by blast furnace slag, desulfurization gypsum and carbide slag. Additionally, the microstructure development results were corroborated through characterization of fluidity, setting time and compressive strength. Results indicate that the reaction process of alkali-activated material accelerates as NaO equivalent increases from 0 to 8.0%, thereby promoting calcium aluminum silicate gel and hydrotalcite formation, and facilitating the continuous filling of pores, which leads to a dense structure formation. However, excessive gel products are generated on bonded particle surface when NaO equivalent exceeds 8.0%, hindering polymerization process; meanwhile, the presence of microcracks leads to an increase in macropores (≥10 mm) proportion resulting in a decrease in compressive strength. Notably, the increase in NaO equivalent gradually suppresses ettringite formation. Life cycle assessment demonstrates that the preparation of mortar is more environmentally sustainable. Based on the optimal compressive strength, the reduction in global warming, abiotic resource depletion, acidification, and eutrophication potential of mortar compared with cement is 78.7%, 39.7%, 17.9% and 29.2%, respectively. This work contributes to further improving the resource utilization of solid waste, and extending the application of conventional solid waste cementitious materials in the domain of emergency repair engineering.

中文翻译：

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复合活化剂碱活化炉渣的微观结构和性能：Na2O当量的影响

完全由固体废物组成的胶凝材料有望取代水泥并缓解环境污染问题。由于反应速率和强度的限制，采用NaOH和水玻璃组成的复合活化剂，研究了复合活化剂含量（0-12.0％NaO当量）对孔隙溶液pH、水化产物、微观形貌和孔结构的影响。由高炉矿渣、脱硫石膏、电石渣制备的三元碱激活材料。此外，微观结构的发展结果通过流动性、凝固时间和抗压强度的表征得到证实。结果表明，随着NaO当量从0增加到8.0%，碱激活材料的反应过程加速，从而促进硅酸钙铝凝胶和水滑石的形成，并有利于孔的持续填充，从而形成致密结构。然而，当NaO当量超过8.0%时，粘结颗粒表面会生成过量的凝胶产物，阻碍聚合过程；同时，微裂纹的存在导致大孔（≥10 mm）比例增加，导致抗压强度下降。值得注意的是，NaO当量的增加逐渐抑制钙矾石的形成。生命周期评估表明砂浆的制备更具环境可持续性。基于最佳抗压强度，砂浆与水泥相比，全球变暖、非生物资源枯竭、酸化和富营养化潜力分别降低了78.7%、39.7%、17.9%和29.2%。该工作有助于进一步提高固废资源化利用，拓展常规固废胶凝材料在应急修复工程领域的应用。