Urban streams that receive untreated domestic and hospital waste can transmit infectious diseases and spread drug residues, including antimicrobials, which can then increase the selection of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Here, water samples were collected from three different urban streams in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, to relate their range of Water Quality Indices (WQIs) to the diversity and composition of aquatic microbial taxa, virulence genes (virulome), and antimicrobial resistance determinants (resistome), all assessed using untargeted metagenome sequencing. There was a predominance of phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes in all samples, and was the most abundant detected genus. Virulence genes associated with motility, adherence, and secretion systems were highly abundant and mainly associated with . Furthermore, some opportunistic pathogenic genera had negative correlations with WQI. Many clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and efflux pump-encoding genes that confer resistance to critically important antimicrobials were detected. The highest relative abundances of ARGs were β-lactams and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin. No statistically supported relationship was detected between the abundance of virulome/resistome and collection type/WQI. On the other hand, total solids were a weak predictor of gene abundance patterns. These results provide insights into various microbial outcomes given urban stream quality and point to its ecological complexity. In addition, this study suggests potential consequences for human health as mediated by aquatic microbial communities responding to typical urban outputs.

中文翻译：

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巴西城市溪流水质与微生物病毒组和抗性组的关系

接收未经处理的家庭和医院废物的城市河流可能传播传染病并传播药物残留，包括抗菌药物，从而增加耐药细菌的选择。这里，从巴西圣保罗州的三个不同的城市溪流中采集水样，将其水质指数 (WQI) 范围与水生微生物类群的多样性和组成、毒力基因（病毒组）和抗菌素耐药性联系起来决定因素（抗性组），全部使用非靶向宏基因组测序进行评估。所有样本中均以变形菌门、放线菌门和拟杆菌门为主，并且是检测到的最丰富的属。与运动、粘附和分泌系统相关的毒力基因非常丰富，并且主要与 相关。此外，一些机会致病菌属与WQI呈负相关。检测到许多临床相关的抗菌药物耐药基因（ARG）和外排泵编码基因，这些基因赋予对极其重要的抗菌药物耐药性。相对丰度最高的 ARG 是 β-内酰胺和大环内酯-林可酰胺-链阳菌素。病毒组/抗性组丰度与采集类型/WQI 之间没有检测到统计支持的关系。另一方面，总固体含量对基因丰度模式的预测作用较弱。这些结果提供了对考虑到城市河流质量的各种微生物结果的见解，并指出了其生态复杂性。此外，这项研究表明，水生微生物群落对典型城市产出的反应可能对人类健康产生潜在影响。