The maturation of distributed energy resources (DER) has prompted the exploration of their deployment in commercial building applications due to their potential to supply energy at lower costs and emissions rates compared to centralized generation. While several software tools exist for evaluating the techno-economic potential of integrated renewable energy and combined heat and power (CHP) systems for distributed generation applications, many suffer from poor accuracy in capturing off-design (part load and changes in ambient air temperature and pressure) performance characteristics of microturbines, combustion turbines, or internal combustion engines. Thus, this paper presents a methodology for integrating these off-design characteristics in the mixed-integer linear program within REopt, a hybrid DER screening tool. The economic impact of the CHP off-design performance is observed through several application studies of various hybrid system configurations in different climates. Each study indicates how CHP off-design performance influences optimal sizing and dispatch decisions and therefore overall system economic value. We observe through case studies that modeling without the off-design effects, depending on the CHP prime mover and site, can result in Net Present Value predictions of hybrid systems that can be overoptimistic in frequently hot climates (up to 52 %), too conservative in frequently cold climates (up to 11 %), or unaffected (＋/−1 %) in temperate climates. Cases also highlight several advantages of hybrid systems relative to non-hybrid systems such as total economic value and the systems’ ability to mitigate potentially negative consequences attributed to off-design performance.

中文翻译：

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评估非设计热电联产性能对混合可再生热电联产分布式能源的最佳规模和调度的影响

分布式能源（DER）的成熟促使人们探索其在商业建筑应用中的部署，因为与集中式发电相比，它们具有以更低的成本和排放率提供能源的潜力。虽然有多种软件工具可用于评估分布式发电应用的集成可再生能源和热电联产 (CHP) 系统的技术经济潜力，但许多软件工具在捕获非设计（部分负荷以及环境空气温度和温度变化）方面的准确性较差。压力）微型涡轮机、燃气轮机或内燃机的性能特征。因此，本文提出了一种将这些非设计特征集成到混合整数线性程序 REopt（一种混合 DER 筛选工具）中的方法。通过对不同气候下各种混合系统配置的多项应用研究，观察了热电联产非设计性能的经济影响。每项研究都表明热电联产的非设计性能如何影响最佳规模和调度决策，从而影响整个系统的经济价值。我们通过案例研究观察到，根据热电联产原动机和地点，在没有偏离设计效应的情况下进行建模可能会导致混合系统的净现值预测在经常炎热的气候下可能过于乐观（高达 52%），也可能过于保守在经常寒冷的气候中（高达 11%），或在温带气候中不受影响（+/-1%）。案例还强调了混合系统相对于非混合系统的几个优势，例如总经济价值以及系统减轻因非设计性能造成的潜在负面后果的能力。