Humans are at risk of exposure to phthalates due to the widespread use of plasticized plastics, and one of the major concerns is occupational exposure. The present study investigated occupational exposure to phthalates at one of the greatest solid waste management sites in the second-largest country in the Middle East. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks were assessed by human biomonitoring (HBM). The concentration of phthalate esters was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and the daily intake (DI) of phthalate was calculated based on the adjusted urinary creatinine concentrations. Moreover, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were assessed. Monte Carlo simulations were performed for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. The highest concentration recorded was 130.80 µg/g creatinine for mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) among the composting group, while the lowest concentration was 0.49 µg/g creatinine for Monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) among the office group. All estimates of daily intake were below the reference concentration, and differences between the DI at site sections were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The non-carcinogenic risk level was negligible. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) values corresponding to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure were 2.07E-04 among the composting group and 2.07E−04 among the processing group, posing a definite risk. The carcinogenic risk value among the office group was in a possible risk category with ELCR values of 9.75 E−05. The on-site workers of waste management sites can be highly exposed to phthalates, and their health risk is considerable. Appropriate measures and interventions should be considered to reduce occupational exposure to phthalates.

中文翻译：

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废物管理人员邻苯二甲酸酯暴露的生物监测和健康风险评估

由于增塑塑料的广泛使用，人类面临着接触邻苯二甲酸盐的风险，其中主要问题之一是职业接触。本研究调查了中东第二大国最大的固体废物管理场所之一邻苯二甲酸盐的职业接触情况。通过人体生物监测（HBM）评估致癌和非致癌健康风险。使用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）测定邻苯二甲酸酯的浓度，并根据调整后的尿肌酐浓度计算邻苯二甲酸酯的每日摄入量（DI）。此外，还评估了致癌和非致癌风险。进行蒙特卡罗模拟以进行不确定性和敏感性分析。堆肥组中邻苯二甲酸单乙酯（MEP）的肌酐最高浓度为130.80μg/g肌酐，而办公室组中邻苯二甲酸单苄酯（MBzP）的最低浓度为0.49μg/g肌酐。所有每日摄入量的估计值均低于参考浓度，并且各部位的 DI 之间的差异具有统计显着性 (p < 0.05)。非致癌风险水平可以忽略不计。与邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯 (DEHP) 暴露相对应的终生癌症风险 (ELCR) 值在堆肥组中为 2.07E-04，在加工组中为 2.07E−04，具有明确的风险。办公室人群的致癌风险值属于可能风险类别，ELCR值为9.75 E−05。废物管理场所的现场工作人员可能高度接触邻苯二甲酸盐，其健康风险相当大。应考虑采取适当的措施和干预措施来减少邻苯二甲酸盐的职业接触。