Klebsiella pneumoniae, a member of the autochthonous human gut microbiota, utilizes a variety of virulence factors for survival and pathogenesis. Consequently, it is responsible for several human infections, including urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, liver abscess, meningitis, bloodstream infections, and medical device-associated infections. The main studied virulence factors in K. pneumoniae are capsule-associated, fimbriae, siderophores, Klebsiella ferric iron uptake, and the ability to metabolize allantoin. They are crucial for virulence and were associated with specific infections in the mice infection model. Notably, these factors are also prevalent in strains from the same infections in humans. However, the type and quantity of virulence factors may vary between strains, which defines the degree of pathogenicity. In this review, we summarize the main virulence factors investigated in K. pneumoniae from different human infections. We also cover the specific identification genes and their prevalence in K. pneumoniae, especially in hypervirulent strains.

肺炎克雷伯菌是人类肠道微生物群的一员，利用多种毒力因子来维持生存和发病。因此，它是多种人类感染的原因，包括尿路感染、呼吸道感染、肝脓肿、脑膜炎、血流感染和医疗器械相关感染。主要研究的肺炎克雷伯菌毒力因子是荚膜相关因子、菌毛、铁载体、克雷伯氏菌三价铁摄取以及代谢尿囊素的能力。它们对于毒力至关重要，并且与小鼠感染模型中的特定感染相关。值得注意的是，这些因素在人类相同感染的菌株中也很普遍。然而，不同菌株的毒力因子的类型和数量可能有所不同，这决定了致病性的程度。在这篇综述中，我们总结了不同人类感染肺炎克雷伯菌的主要毒力因子。我们还介绍了肺炎克雷伯菌（尤其是高毒力菌株）中的特异性识别基因及其流行情况。