Ketamine is an injectable anesthetic agent with analgesic and antidepressant effects that can prevent maladaptive pain. Ketamine is metabolized by the liver into norketamine, an active metabolite. Prior rodent studies have suggested that norketamine is thought to contribute up to 30% of ketamine's analgesic effect. Ketamine is usually administered as an intravenous (IV) bolus injection or continuous rate infusion (CRI) but can be administered subcutaneously (SC) and intramuscularly (IM). The Omnipod® is a wireless, subcutaneous insulin delivery device that adheres to the skin and delivers insulin as an SC CRI. The Omnipod® was used in dogs for postoperative administration of ketamine as a 1 mg/kg infusion bolus (IB) over 1 hour (h). Pharmacokinetics (PK) showed plasma ketamine concentrations between 42 and 326.1 ng/mL. The median peak plasma concentration was 79.5 (41.9–326.1) ng/mL with a Tmax of 60 (30–75) min. After the same infusion bolus, the corresponding norketamine PK showed plasma drug concentrations between 22.0 and 64.8 ng/mL. The median peak plasma concentration was 43.0 (26.1–71.8) ng/mL with a median Tmax of 75 min. The median peak ketamine plasma concentration exceeded 100 ng/mL in dogs for less than 1 h post infusion. The Omnipod® system successfully delivered subcutaneous ketamine to dogs in the postoperatively.

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通过 Omnipod® 系统在犬中皮下注射氯胺酮的药代动力学

氯胺酮是一种注射麻醉剂，具有镇痛和抗抑郁作用，可以预防适应不良性疼痛。氯胺酮由肝脏代谢成去甲氯胺酮，一种活性代谢物。先前的啮齿动物研究表明，去甲氯胺酮被认为贡献了氯胺酮 30% 的镇痛效果。氯胺酮通常以静脉 (IV) 推注或连续速率输注 (CRI) 的形式给药，但也可以皮下 (SC) 和肌内 (IM) 给药。 Omnipod® 是一种无线皮下胰岛素输送装置，可粘附在皮肤上并以 SC CRI 形式输送胰岛素。 Omnipod® 用于狗术后在 1 小时 (h) 内以 1 mg/kg 推注 (IB) 方式施用氯胺酮。药代动力学 (PK) 显示血浆氯胺酮浓度在 42 至 326.1 ng/mL 之间。中位峰值血浆浓度为 79.5 (41.9–326.1) ng/mL，Tmax 为 60 (30–75) 分钟。相同的推注后，相应的去甲氯胺酮 PK 显示血浆药物浓度在 22.0 至 64.8 ng/mL 之间。中位峰值血浆浓度为 43.0 (26.1–71.8) ng/mL，中位 Tmax 为 75 分钟。输注后不到 1 小时，狗的氯胺酮血浆峰值浓度中值超过 100 ng/mL。 Omnipod® 系统成功地在术后向狗输送皮下氯胺酮。