Introduction: To consider the growing health issues caused by antibiotic resistance from a “one health” perspective, the contribution of meat production needs to be addressed. While antibiotic resistance is naturally present in microbial communities, the treatment of farm animals with antibiotics causes an increase in antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in the gut microbiome. Pigs are among the most prevalent animals in agriculture; therefore, reducing the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the pig gut microbiome could reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance. Probiotics are often studied as a way to modulate the microbiome and are, therefore, an interesting way to potentially decrease antibiotic resistance.Methods: To assess the efficacy of a probiotic to reduce the prevalence of ARGs in the pig microbiome, six pigs received either treatment with antibiotics (tylvalosin), probiotics (Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M; Biopower® PA), or a combination of both. Their faeces and ileal digesta were collected and DNA was extracted for whole genome shotgun sequencing. The reads were compared with taxonomy and ARG databases to identify the taxa and resistance genes in the samples.Results: The results showed that the ARG profiles in the faeces of the antibiotic and combination treatments were similar, and both were different from the profiles of the probiotic treatment (p < 0.05). The effects of the treatments were different in the digesta and faeces. Many macrolide resistance genes were detected in a higher proportion in the microbiome of the pigs treated with antibiotics or the combination of probiotics and antibiotics. Resistance-carrying conjugative plasmids and horizontal transfer genes were also amplified in faeces samples for the antibiotic and combined treatments. There was no effect of treatment on the short chain fatty acid content in the digesta or the faeces.Conclusion: There is no positive effect of adding probiotics to an antibiotic treatment when these treatments are administered simultaneously.

中文翻译：

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益生菌和抗生素对猪微生物群移动体的影响

简介：为了从“单一健康”的角度考虑抗生素耐药性引起的日益严重的健康问题，需要解决肉类生产的贡献。虽然抗生素耐药性自然存在于微生物群落中，但用抗生素治疗农场动物会导致肠道微生物组中抗生素耐药基因 (ARG) 的增加。猪是农业中最常见的动物之一。因此，减少猪肠道微生物群中抗生素耐药性细菌的流行率可以减少抗生素耐药性的传播。益生菌经常被研究为调节微生物组的一种方法，因此是一种潜在降低抗生素耐药性的有趣方法。方法：为了评估益生菌降低猪微生物组中 ARG 流行率的功效，六头猪接受了任一治疗与抗生素（泰万菌素）、益生菌（乳酸片球菌MA18/5M；生物动力®PA），或两者的组合。收集他们的粪便和回肠食糜，并提取 DNA 进行全基因组鸟枪测序。将读数与分类学和 ARG 数据库进行比较，以识别样本中的分类群和抗性基因。 结果：结果显示，抗生素和联合治疗组粪便中的 ARG 图谱相似，且均不同于抗生素组的图谱。益生菌治疗（p< 0.05）。食糜和粪便中的处理效果不同。在接受抗生素或益生菌与抗生素联合治疗的猪的微生物组中，检测到许多大环内酯类抗性基因的比例较高。用于抗生素和联合治疗的粪便样本中也扩增了携带抗性的接合质粒和水平转移基因。治疗对食糜或粪便中的短链脂肪酸含量没有影响。结论：当同时进行这些治疗时，在抗生素治疗中添加益生菌没有积极作用。