In this research paper, a novel reconfigurable ring antenna sensor is presented to detect adulteration in liquids. The suggested antenna sensor is designed to detect and predict salt and sugar concentrations in water and adulterant concentrations in milk. The proposed antenna works in five modes and reconfigurability is achieved using pin diodes. The adulteration in liquids is determined by analyzing the connection between concentration and fluctuation in the reflection coefficient. Calibration equations and Mean relative error (MRE) of different solutions are obtained using reflection coefficients and concentrations. The investigation demonstrates that salt and sugar concentrations could be predicted using a ring sensor with mean relative errors of 2.17% and 2.67% respectively. The sensor is used to detect and predict the concentration of several adulterants in milk like water, caustic soda, sodium carbonate, ammonium sulfate, and urea. The value of MRE for adulterated milk is 2.2% for water, 2.33% for caustic soda, 2.33% for sodium carbonate, 2% for ammonium sulfate, and 3% for urea. The results show that the proposed ring antenna sensor has considerably good sensitivity and accuracy, which makes the system attractive for detecting adulteration in liquids with the lowest mean relative error.

中文翻译：

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用于检测液体掺假的可重构环形天线传感器

在本研究论文中，提出了一种新型可重构环形天线传感器来检测液体中的掺假。建议的天线传感器设计用于检测和预测水中的盐和糖浓度以及牛奶中的掺杂物浓度。所提出的天线有五种工作模式，并且可使用 pin 二极管实现可重构性。通过分析浓度与反射系数波动之间的关系来确定液体中的掺假。使用反射系数和浓度获得不同溶液的校准方程和平均相对误差 (MRE)。研究表明，使用环形传感器可以预测盐和糖浓度，平均相对误差分别为 2.17% 和 2.67%。该传感器用于检测和预测牛奶中多种掺假物的浓度，如水、烧碱、碳酸钠、硫酸铵和尿素。掺假牛奶的 MRE 值为水 2.2%、烧碱 2.33%、碳酸钠 2.33%、硫酸铵 2%、尿素 3%。结果表明，所提出的环形天线传感器具有相当好的灵敏度和精度，这使得该系统对于以最低的平均相对误差检测液体中的掺假具有吸引力。