Electron beam ion traps allow studies of slow highly charged ion transmission through freestanding 2D materials as an universal testbed for surface science under extreme conditions. Here we review recent studies on charge exchange of highly charged ions in 2D materials. Since the interaction time with these atomically thin materials is limited to only a few femtoseconds, an indirect timing information will be gained. We will therefore discuss the interaction separated in three participating time regimes: energy deposition (charge exchange), energy release (secondary particle emission), and energy retention (material modification).

中文翻译：

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来自电子束离子阱的慢速高电荷离子与表面和 2D 材料的电荷交换

电子束离子阱可以作为极端条件下表面科学的通用测试平台，研究通过独立式二维材料的缓慢高电荷离子传输。在这里，我们回顾了二维材料中高电荷离子电荷交换的最新研究。由于与这些原子薄材料的相互作用时间仅限于几飞秒，因此将获得间接计时信息。因此，我们将讨论三个参与时间范围内的相互作用：能量沉积（电荷交换）、能量释放（二次粒子发射）和能量保留（材料改性）。