Epikarst springs in less developed karst areas typically have predominant diffuse flows where groundwater chiefly moves through spaces between rock grains. This might lead to different flow characteristics between flow dominated by diffuse and dominated by large conduits resulting from dissolution processes. This research aimed to analyze the multitemporal characteristics of phosphate contamination of epikarst spring water in the Gunungsewu Karst Area, Java Island, Indonesia. Phosphate levels were determined from the spring water samples collected every two weeks for nine months to encompass two seasons characteristic of tropical environments: dry and rainy. Results show that the phosphate concentration of the Gedaren Spring exceeded the water quality standard at different times, was likely high in the rainy season and low in dry season and showed positive correlation with rainfall and flow discharge. Further, it was identified that the phosphate was probably generated by agricultural activities or different sources from sulfate and nitrate, as indicated by their weak positive correlations between phosphate-sulfate or phosphate-nitrate.

中文翻译：

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印度尼西亚 Gunungsewu 喀斯特地区热带表层岩溶泉水中磷酸盐污染的时间变化

喀斯特欠发达地区的表层岩溶泉水通常以扩散流为主，地下水主要通过岩石颗粒之间的空间流动。这可能导致以扩散为主的流动和以溶解过程产生的大管道为主的流动之间存在不同的流动特性。本研究旨在分析印度尼西亚爪哇岛Gunungsewu喀斯特地区表层岩溶泉水磷酸盐污染的多时相特征。磷酸盐含量是根据九个月内每两周收集的泉水样本测定的，涵盖热带环境的两个季节特征：干燥和多雨。结果表明，格达人泉磷酸盐浓度在不同时期均超标，且雨季磷酸盐浓度较高，旱季磷酸盐浓度较低，且与降雨量和流量呈正相关。此外，还确定磷酸盐可能是由农业活动或硫酸盐和硝酸盐的不同来源产生的，正如磷酸盐-硫酸盐或磷酸盐-硝酸盐之间的弱正相关性所表明的那样。