Selenium (Se) is a crucial micronutrient essential for the human body, playing a critical function in antioxidant protection and immune system function. The chemical and organic properties of organoselenium (OSe) compounds have drawn much attention in medicinal, agrochemical, and materials sciences. OSe compounds have shown superior pharmaceutical properties to their sulfur analogs and featured significant activities in chemotherapy, material sciences, catalysis, and coordination chemistry. Incorporating Se atoms into a heterocyclic backbone has resulted in scaffolds with interesting physicochemical and medicinal properties. Se-containing heterocycles may be synthesized via selenylation reactions, selenofunctionalization of pre-existing heterocycles, or cyclization through Se-mediated mechanisms. These strategies offered numerous opportunities to design and improve novel Se-bearing heterocycles with promising pharmaceutical activities. This review highlights the latest development in synthesizing organylselenyl substituted three-, four-, and five-membered ring heterocycles, which are rapidly growing research. A particular focus is paid to the used synthetic strategies, selenylating reagents, scopes, and limitations of this reaction, as well as the plausible mechanism. The protocols employing diorganyl diselenides, elemental Se, and electrophilic Se as Se sources were thoroughly discussed and covered. This review paves the way for future research in developing new heterocycles and opens a new era for the late-stage seleno-functionalization of bioactive and naturally occurring compounds.

中文翻译：

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有机硒杂环缀合物合成新进展

硒（Se）是人体必需的重要微量营养素，在抗氧化保护和免疫系统功能中发挥着关键作用。有机硒（OSe）化合物的化学和有机特性引起了医学、农业化学和材料科学领域的广泛关注。 OSe 化合物显示出优于其硫类似物的药物特性，并且在化疗、材料科学、催化和配位化学方面具有显着的活性。将 Se 原子掺入杂环主链中产生了具有有趣的物理化学和药用特性的支架。含硒杂环可以通过硒化反应、预先存在的杂环的硒官能化或通过硒介导的机制环化来合成。这些策略为设计和改进具有前景药物活性的新型含硒杂环化合物提供了许多机会。本综述重点介绍了合成有机硒基取代的三元、四元和五元环杂环的最新进展，这些研究正在迅速发展。特别关注所使用的合成策略、硒化试剂、范围和该反应的局限性，以及合理的机制。使用二有机基二硒化物、元素硒和亲电子硒作为硒源的方案进行了彻底的讨论和讨论。该综述为未来开发新杂环的研究铺平了道路，并为生物活性和天然存在的化合物的后期硒功能化开辟了新时代。