To address the water scarcity issue, capacitive deionization (CDI) as a burgeoning desalination technology for removing different ions from sea and wastewater have been intensively explored. However, the low salt adsorption capacity and poor cycling stability of widely used carbon materials are difficult to fulfill the demand of practical CDI application, while the non-three-dimensional (non-3D) faradic electrode materials manifest the drawbacks of low specific capacitance and dissolution loss of metal ions, which severely limit their CDI application. Notably, three-dimensional (3D) faradic materials usually possess higher desalination capacity and better cycling stability than carbon materials and non-3D faradic materials, due to their wide ion diffusion channels and versatile structure, which are highly promising for achieving practical CDI application. However, few review papers have specifically focused on the limitations and advantages of 3D faradic materials in CDI field. In this review, a comprehensive insight into 3D faradic materials in terms of the solutions of limitations and corresponding desalination performance ( comparing with the desalination performance of non-3D faradic materials) is provided and the development prospect of 3D faradic materials is also expounded.

中文翻译：

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高性能电容去离子三维法拉第电极材料的设计

为了解决水资源短缺问题，电容去离子（CDI）作为一种新兴的海水淡化技术，用于去除海洋和废水中的不同离子，得到了广泛的探索。然而，广泛使用的碳材料的盐吸附能力低和循环稳定性差，难以满足实际CDI应用的需求，而非三维（非3D）法拉第电极材料则表现出比电容低和循环稳定性差的缺点。金属离子的溶解损失严重限制了其CDI的应用。值得注意的是，三维（3D）法拉第材料由于其宽离子扩散通道和通用结构，通常比碳材料和非3D法拉第材料具有更高的脱盐能力和更好的循环稳定性，这对于实现CDI的实际应用非常有希望。然而，很少有综述论文专门关注 3D 法拉第材料在 CDI 领域的局限性和优势。本文从局限性的解决方案和相应的海水淡化性能（与非3D法拉第材料的海水淡化性能比较）方面对3D法拉第材料进行了全面的见解，并阐述了3D法拉第材料的发展前景。