Neutron stars (NSs) are compact objects that host the densest forms of matter in the observable universe, providing unique opportunities to study the behaviour of matter at extreme densities. While precision measurements of NS masses through pulsar timing have imposed effective constraints on the equation of state (EoS) of dense matter, accurately determining the radius or moment of inertia (MoI) of an NS remains a major challenge. This article presents a detailed review on measuring the Lense–Thirring (LT) precession effect in the orbit of binary pulsars, which would give access to the MoI of NSs and offer further constraints on the EoS. We discuss the suitability of certain classes of binary pulsars for measuring the LT precession from the perspective of binary star evolution and highlight five pulsars that exhibit properties promising to realise these goals in the near future. Finally, discoveries of compact binaries with shorter orbital periods hold the potential to greatly enhance measurements of the MoI of NSs. The MoI measurements of binary pulsars are pivotal to advancing our understanding of matter at supranuclear densities, as well as improving the precision of gravity tests, such as the orbital decay due to gravitational wave emission, and of tests of alternative gravity theories.

中文翻译：

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用脉冲星测量透镜-瑟林进动和中子星惯性矩

中子星（NS）是致密天体，拥有可观测宇宙中最致密的物质形式，为研究极端密度下物质的行为提供了独特的机会。虽然通过脉冲星计时对NS质量的精确测量对致密物质的状态方程（EoS）施加了有效的约束，但准确确定NS的半径或转动惯量（MoI）仍然是一个重大挑战。本文详细回顾了测量双脉冲星轨道中的 Lense-Thirring (LT) 进动效应，这将有助于获得 NS 的 MoI 并为 EoS 提供进一步的约束。我们从双星演化的角度讨论了某些类别的双星脉冲星用于测量 LT 进动的适用性，并重点介绍了五颗具有有望在不久的将来实现这些目标的特性的脉冲星。最后，轨道周期较短的致密双星的发现有可能大大增强对NSs MoI的测量。双脉冲星的 MoI 测量对于增进我们对超核密度物质的理解以及提高重力测试（例如由于引力波发射引起的轨道衰变）以及替代重力理论​​测试的精度至关重要。