View largeDownload slide

View largeDownload slide

Close modal

This study accessed the efficiency and health risks of drinking water from different sources treated by filtration, boiling, chlorination, flocculation, and solar disinfection. The microbial quality of 45 treated water samples from boreholes, wells, and pipe-borne water was analyzed to determine treatment effectiveness and to quantify risk using quantitative microbial risk assessment. The effectiveness of each treatment method was a function of sampling sources (p < 0.05) and location (p < 0.10), chlorination and boiling being the most efficient methods (100%). Shiegella in well water samples treated by filtration and flocculation had the highest daily infection risk of 69.5 × 10⁻¹ and 67.5 × 10⁻¹ pppd. The annual risk of infection from Salmonella, Shigella, and Staphylococcus ranged from 7.8 × 10⁻¹ to 1.00 pppy, exceeding the U.S. EPA annual infection benchmark (≤10⁻⁴ pppy). Salmonella, Shigella, and Staphylococcus had the highest risk of illness of 4.50 × 10⁻¹, 3.30 × 10⁻¹, and 9.80 × 10⁻¹, respectively. All disease burden values exceeded the WHO disease burden benchmark (≤10⁻⁶ DALYs/pppy), with Staphylococcus and Salmonella contributing the highest disease burden of 4.71 × 10⁻² and 2.13 × 10⁻², DALYs/pppy. Therefore, boiling and chlorination are the best disinfection methods for the pathogens tested.

查看大图下载幻灯片

查看大图下载幻灯片

关闭模式

这项研究评估了经过过滤、煮沸、氯化、絮凝和日光消毒处理的不同来源的饮用水的效率和健康风险。对来自钻孔、水井和管道水的 45 个处理过的水样的微生物质量进行了分析，以确定处理效果并使用定量微生物风险评估来量化风险。每种处理方法的有效性是采样源 ( p < 0.05) 和位置 ( p < 0.10) 的函数，氯化和煮沸是最有效的方法 (100%)。经过过滤和絮凝处理的井水样中志贺氏菌的每日感染风险最高，分别为 69.5 × 10 ^-1和 67.5 × 10 ^-1 pppd。沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌和葡萄球菌的年感染风险范围为 7.8 × 10 ^-1至 1.00 pppy，超过美国 EPA 年度感染基准（≤10 ^-4 pppy）。沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌和葡萄球菌的患病风险最高，分别为4.50 × 10 ^-1、3.30 × 10 ^-1和9.80 × 10 ^-1。所有疾病负担值均超过世界卫生组织疾病负担基准（≤10 ^-6 DALYs/pppy），其中葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌造成的疾病负担最高，分别为 4.71 × 10 ^-2和 2.13 × 10 ^-2 , DALYs/pppy。因此，煮沸和氯化是对受试病原体最好的消毒方法。