Grazing of both domestic and wild large herbivores can contribute to multiple ecosystem services. However, grazing systems strongly differ in the intensity of management and outcomes, and we define sustainable grazing as grazing which benefits multiple environmental ecosystem services. Previous studies have found that, in general, grazing systems with relatively low densities of animals, and with minimal and only targeted applications of deworming and other medicinal treatments, are most sustainable. However, for people engaged in such grazing management, a key question is what are their challenges and motivation.

中文翻译：

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探索欧洲土地使用者参与可持续放牧的动机和挑战

家养和野生大型食草动物的放牧可以促进多种生态系统服务。然而，放牧系统在管理强度和成果方面存在很大差异，我们将可持续放牧定义为有利于多种环境生态系统服务的放牧。先前的研究发现，一般来说，动物密度相对较低的放牧系统，以及最少且仅进行有针对性的驱虫和其他药物治疗的放牧系统是最可持续的。然而，对于从事这种放牧管理的人来说，一个关键问题是他们的挑战和动机是什么。