Monoamines (MA) such as serotonin, catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine), and trace amines (octopamine, tyramine), are neurotransmitters and neuroendocrine modulators in vertebrates, that contribute to adaptation to the environment. Although MA are conserved in evolution, information is still fragmentary in invertebrates, given the diversity of phyla and species. However, MA are crucial in homeostatic processes in these organisms, where the absence of canonical endocrine glands in many groups implies that the modulation of physiological functions is essentially neuroendocrine.

中文翻译：

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无脊椎动物中单胺的神经内分泌功能：关注双壳类软体动物

单胺 (MA)，如血清素、儿茶酚胺（多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素）和微量胺（章鱼胺、酪胺），是脊椎动物的神经递质和神经内分泌调节剂，有助于适应环境。尽管 MA 在进化中是保守的，但考虑到门和物种的多样性，无脊椎动物中的信息仍然不完整。然而，MA 在这些生物体的稳态过程中至关重要，许多群体中缺乏典型的内分泌腺，这意味着生理功能的调节本质上是神经内分泌的。