Both copper and lithium act as strong fluxes and lower the temperature of the clinker melt formation. Sulphur promotes the stabilisation of more hydraulically active modification of alite M₁. It is expected that this combination could produce an alite clinker at significantly lower temperatures with high quality technological parameters. In this paper, the effect of combined oxides of copper, lithium and sulphur addition on the phase composition and clinker structure of Portland cement was investigated. The reference raw meal was prepared from common cement raw materials. Each of the mentioned oxides was added to the reference raw meal in two different concentrations, and 8 combinations were prepared. Chemically pure compounds (NH₄)₂SO₄, CuO and Li₂CO₃ were used as a source of these oxides. The raw meals were burned to equilibrium at 1450°C. Their phase composition was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis, the microstructure was monitored by optical microscopy, and the microchemistry of the clinker phases was observed by electron microscopy with EDS analysis. It was found that in samples with high lithium or copper content, there is an increase in belite and free lime at the expense of alite. The combination of Cu + Li has the most negative effect, followed by Li alone and Cu alone. The higher SO₃ content slightly offsets this negative effect.

中文翻译：

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铜、锂、硫联合添加对硅酸盐水泥熟料形成的影响

铜和锂都充当强熔剂并降低熟料熔体形成的温度。硫促进阿利特 M ₁的更具水硬活性的改性的稳定。预计这种组合可以在显着降低的温度下生产具有高质量技术参数的阿利特熟料。本文研究了铜、锂和硫复合氧化物的添加对波特兰水泥的物相组成和熟料结构的影响。参考生料由普通水泥原料制备而成。将上述每种氧化物以两种不同的浓度添加到参考生料中，并制备 8 种组合。使用化学纯化合物(NH ₄ ) ₂ SO ₄、CuO和Li ₂ CO ₃作为这些氧化物的来源。生料在 1450°C 下燃烧至平衡。通过 X 射线衍射分析确定其相组成，通过光学显微镜监测微观结构，并通过电子显微镜和 EDS 分析观察熟料相的微观化学。研究发现，在锂或铜含量高的样品中，贝利特和游离石灰有所增加，但阿利特却减少了。 Cu + Li 的组合具有最大的负面影响，其次是单独的 Li 和单独的 Cu。较高的SO ₃含量稍微抵消了这种负面影响。