In recent decades, the ubiquity of micro and nanoplastics (MNPs) pollution has emerged as a global concern due to its potential risks to both ecological and human health. The detrimental effects of MNPs have resulted in significant changes in the physicochemical and biological properties of terrestrial soil and benthic sediment. These alterations have led to a disrupted nutrient cycle, potential future climate hazards, and further impacts on ecosystem services. This review aims to discuss the possible origins, composition, abundance, life cycle, and transport processes of MNPs in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. It seeks to understand the potential ecological and human health risks associated with MNPs pollution and explores their implications for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services. Moreover, this review highlights the advanced analytical techniques used to detect and quantify MNPs. It further suggests policy frameworks to combat this pollution in natural environments. The findings of this review are intended to assist environmentalists, microbiologists, hydrologists, and policymakers in identifying scientific gaps and pragmatic solutions to reduce MNPs pollution. Future research should investigate the intake mechanism and impact of MNPs on plants in different ecosystems, as well as their effects on food chains and human health. This will ensure that the ecological and human health risks associated with MNPs pollution can be timely mitigated.

中文翻译：

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微米和纳米塑料污染：全球关注及其对生态系统影响的回顾

近几十年来，普遍存在的微米和纳米塑料（MNP）污染因其对生态和人类健康的潜在风险而成为全球关注的问题。 MNP 的有害影响导致陆地土壤和底栖沉积物的理化和生物特性发生显着变化。这些变化导致营养循环中断、未来潜在的气候危害以及对生态系统服务的进一步影响。本综述旨在讨论水生和陆地生态系统中 MNP 的可能来源、组成、丰度、生命周期和运输过程。它旨在了解与 MNP 污染相关的潜在生态和人类健康风险，并探讨其对生物多样性保护和生态系统服务的影响。此外，本综述强调了用于检测和量化 MNP 的先进分析技术。它还进一步提出了应对自然环境污染的政策框架。本次审查的结果旨在帮助环保人士、微生物学家、水文学家和政策制定者确定减少 MNP 污染的科学差距和务实解决方案。未来的研究应探讨MNPs对不同生态系统植物的摄入机制和影响，以及它们对食物链和人类健康的影响。这将确保及时减轻与 MNPs 污染相关的生态和人类健康风险。