Covalently tethered, nonleaching antifoulant groups to surface or coating matrix are being explored as an ecofriendly option to develop a robust antifouling coating with enhanced static antifouling ability. And most of marine antifouling coatings usually have a relatively low coating hardness owing to intrinsically polymeric property. In this work, we exploited the self-assembly of random zwitterionic amphiphilic copolymers with an isothiazolinone-based antifoulant to develop a scalable hard (> 6H pencil hardness) coating against marine biofouling under static conditions. Upon exposure to aqueous media, strong fluorinate-zwitterion interactions drive microphase separation into bicontinuous networks of hydrophobic and zwitterionic nanodomains, leading to the enrichment of antifoulant moieties on the coating surface. The obtained hybrid coating could significantly restrain the growth of bacteria biofilms, the settlement of marine diatoms and mussel larvae owing to the presence of covalently tethered antifoulants. Oxidative stress levels in the body of bacteria and marine diatoms were significantly enhanced nearby the coating containing nonteaching antifoulants. On the other hand, the fouling release capability was not compromising on the developed hybrid coating with such high Young's modulus and large coating hardness, implying an obviously different antifouling mechanism. We attempt to report an ecofriendly and hard coating system to simultaneously prohibit fouling settlement and promote fouling removal in static conditions.

中文翻译：

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设计具有非浸出防污剂的硬质溶胶-凝胶自适应涂层，以对抗静态条件下的海洋生物污垢

人们正在探索将共价连接在表面或涂层基质上的非浸出防污基团作为一种生态友好的选择，以开发具有增强静电防污能力的坚固防污涂层。而大多数海洋防污涂料由于其固有的聚合性质，通常具有相对较低的涂层硬度。在这项工作中，我们利用随机两性离子两亲共聚物与基于异噻唑啉酮的防污剂的自组装，开发了一种可扩展的硬质（> 6H铅笔硬度）涂层，可在静态条件下对抗海洋生物污垢。暴露于水性介质后，强的氟化物-两性离子相互作用驱动微相分离成疏水性和两性离子纳米域的双连续网络，导致防污部分在涂层表面富集。由于共价键系防污剂的存在，所获得的混合涂层可以显着抑制细菌生物膜的生长、海洋硅藻和贻贝幼虫的沉降。在含有非教学性防污剂的涂层附近，细菌和海洋硅藻体内的氧化应激水平显着增强。另一方面，所开发的具有如此高杨氏模量和大涂层硬度的混合涂层的污垢释放能力并没有受到影响，这意味着明显不同的防污机制。我们试图报告一种生态友好的硬质涂层系统，以同时防止污垢沉降并促进静态条件下的污垢去除。