Hydrogen fuel cells are promising for reducing emissions from shipping. However, their adoption is limited by high costs, lack of regulations, and lack of infrastructure. The objective of this study is to identify the policy instruments needed to accelerate their uptake for the shipping industries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The research is based on a literature review and a stakeholder workshop which served as the basis for proposing three policy packages with different degrees of ambition (low, medium, high). These were evaluated with the TIMES-NEU model, an economic model generator for energy systems, which indicated that the proposed taxes on CO emissions and on fossil fuels can help drive the transition away from fossil fuels, but the complete transition requires a ban. The findings show that the proposed policy packages are sufficient to shift the fuel consumption towards methanol for the period of 2025–2040, and towards ammonia for the period of 2040–2050.

中文翻译：

---

航运中的氢燃料电池：丹麦、挪威和瑞典的政策案例研究

氢燃料电池有望减少航运排放。然而，它们的采用受到成本高、缺乏监管和基础设施的限制。本研究的目的是确定丹麦、挪威和瑞典航运业加速采用这些政策所需的政策工具。该研究以文献综述和利益相关者研讨会为基础，提出了三个不同目标程度（低、中、高）的政策方案。这些都是用 TIMES-NEU 模型（一种用于能源系统的经济模型生成器）进行评估的，该模型表明拟议的二氧化碳排放税和化石燃料税有助于推动化石燃料的转型，但完整的转型需要禁令。研究结果表明，拟议的一揽子政策足以将 2025 年至 2040 年期间的燃料消耗转向甲醇，并在 2040 年至 2050 年期间转向氨。