In multiple cropping systems, optimizing nitrogen (N) input can mitigate NO emissions and sustain agricultural productivity in frequently disturbed environments. Nonetheless, there remains a notable gap in understanding the role of soil environment in the N application process. Hence, a three-annual field experiment spanning six growth seasons from 2019 to 2022 was conducted to assess the impacts of surface water filled-pore space (WFPS), NO−N, and meteorological factors under combined N applications during garlic (G: 300 and 240 kg N ha) and maize seasons (M: 220, 175, and 130 kg N ha) on soil NO emissions and crop yields. The findings showed that reducing the annual N application rate by 45−150 kg ha led to a significant decrease in NO emission flux by 27.7%−69.4% and 30.7%−53.6% in maize and garlic season respectively, compared to conventional N application (GM). However, decreasing N application notably reduced garlic yield by 4.5–22.8%. Furthermore, reducing annual N application decreased net environmental and diminished net environmental and economic benefits (NEEB) by 3.7%−28.9%. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the residual NO−N in the soil before nitrogen application significantly influenced short-term NO emissions post-application, while WFPS exerting a more pronounced effect during the maize season. Precipitation and temperature exhibited contrasting impacts on NO emissions in the two crop seasons. Principal component analysis revealed that supplemental irrigation enhances crop yield in the maize growing season but also exacerbated NO emissions due to the alternation of dry and wet conditions. Precipitation in the garlic growing season emerged as a crucial meteorological factor affecting crop yield and NO emissions. The NEEB analysis suggested that reducing 45 kg N ha in the maize season (GM) represents a more balanced N application approach to mitigate productivity and environmental risks in rotation systems. Therefore, accounting for the stimulating effect of soil environmental factors during the short-term N application process, adjusting irrigation practices based on seasonal precipitation and temperature variations can enhance productivity and reduce gaseous nitrogen losses in multiple cropping systems within semi-arid regions.

中文翻译：

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大蒜-玉米轮作系统土壤环境因子变化驱动氮肥施用下土壤N2O排放

在多种种植系统中，优化氮 (N) 输入可以减少 N2O 排放，并在经常受到干扰的环境中维持农业生产力。尽管如此，对于土壤环境在施氮过程中的作用的理解仍然存在显着差距。因此，从2019年到2022年，进行了为期三年、跨越六个生长季节的田间试验，以评估大蒜期间联合施氮条件下地表水填充孔隙空间（WFPS）、NO−N和气象因素的影响（G：300）和 240 kg N ha）和玉米季节（M：220、175 和 130 kg N ha）对土壤 N2O 排放和作物产量的影响。结果表明，与常规施氮相比，每年减少施氮量45−150 kg·ha，导致玉米季和大蒜季的NO排放通量分别显着下降27.7%−69.4%和30.7%−53.6%。通用汽车）。然而，减少施氮量显着降低了大蒜产量 4.5-22.8%。此外，减少每年施氮量使净环境和净环境和经济效益（NEEB）减少了3.7%−28.9%。多元回归分析表明，施氮前土壤中残留的NO−N显着影响施氮后短期NO的排放，而WFPS在玉米季节的影响更为明显。降水和温度对两个作物季节的 N2O 排放表现出截然不同的影响。主成分分析表明，补充灌溉提高了玉米生长季节的作物产量，但由于干湿条件的交替也加剧了 NO 的排放。大蒜生长季降水成为影响作物产量和二氧化氮排放的关键气象因素。 NEEB 分析表明，在玉米季节 (GM) 减少 45 公斤氮肥代表了一种更加平衡的氮肥施用方法，可以降低轮作系统的生产力和环境风险。因此，考虑短期施氮过程中土壤环境因素的刺激作用，根据季节性降水和温度变化调整灌溉措施，可以提高半干旱地区复种制度的生产力并减少气态氮损失。