The requirements for invoking WTO security exceptions as expounded in recent WTO dispute settlement cases are notably stricter than previously thought by WTO members. Consequently, not all WTO members who have imposed trade sanctions against Russia will be able to invoke these exceptions to justify their actions when accused by Russia of violations of their WTO obligations. This article considers whether WTO members who may be unsuccessful in invoking security exceptions may nonetheless be able to justify their measures within the context of WTO dispute settlement under the customary international law on third-party countermeasures. It does so by exploring the scope of the relevant provisions within the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU) as well as competence of WTO adjudicative bodies (i.e., WTO panels and the Appellate Body) to look beyond the four corners of the WTO covered agreements.

中文翻译：

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世贸组织争端解决和贸易制裁作为习惯国际法允许的第三方反措施

调用要求世贸组织最近阐述的安全例外世贸组织争端解决案件比之前想象的要严格世贸组织成员。因此，并非所有世贸组织对俄罗斯实施贸易制裁的成员国在被俄罗斯指控违反其规定时将能够援引这些例外来证明其行动的合理性。世贸组织义务。本文考虑是否世贸组织未能成功援引安全例外的成员仍然可以在以下背景下证明其措施的合理性：世贸组织根据有关第三方反措施的习惯国际法解决争端。为此，它探讨了《关于争端解决规则和程序的谅解》中相关条款的范围（直属单位）以及能力世贸组织裁决机构（即世贸组织小组和上诉机构）要超越四个角世贸组织涵盖协议。