(Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is a solitary ectoparasitoid that parasitizes several stored product beetles. Implementing an effective cold storage program can extend the shelf life of parasitoids for large scale applications in biological control. To explore the low temperature adaptation mechanisms of , the survival, longevity, parasitism rate, fecundity, and transcriptome of cold-treated adults were investigated. Storing adult wasps at 15 °C and 10 °C for 1 week had no significant difference in terms of adult longevity, parasitism rate, and progeny compared with the control. By analysing the gene expression patterns and comparing the whole transcriptome of cold-treated adults (adults after cold storage at 15, 10, or 5 °C for 1 week, referred to as T2, T3, and T4, respectively, and adults without experiencing cold storage referred to as T1), a total of 1376, 9799, and 7745 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were respectively identified (T1 vs T2, T1 vs T3, T1 vs T4). A total of 196 commonly up-regulated genes and 100 commonly down-regulated genes in T1 vs T2, T1 vs T3, and T1 vs T4 treatments were identified. A total of 6 modules composed of differentially co-expressed genes were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The Mebrown module was extremely associated with the T4 sample. Mebrown module of genes was found to be highly correlated with the metabolic process (217 genes), cell part (148 genes), and catalytic activity (225 genes). Four transcription factor genes, , , , and were presented in Mebrown module as hub genes. The changes in gene expression indicated that can significantly upregulate the expression levels of abiotic related genes, such as the heat shock protein (Hsp 90) gene, cytochrome P450, and calnexin gene, etc., to cope with cold stress. The current results provide the molecular mechanisms and identify the key genes that may explain the adaptation of to cold stress.

中文翻译：

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Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) 冷胁迫反应的转录组分析（膜翅目：Pteromalidae）

（霍华德）（膜翅目：Pteromalidae）是一种孤独的外寄生蜂，寄生在数种贮藏甲虫上。实施有效的冷藏计划可以延长拟寄生物的保质期，以大规模应用于生物防治。为了探讨成虫的低温适应机制，对低温处理成虫的存活率、寿命、寄生率、繁殖力和转录组进行了研究。成蜂在15℃和10℃保存1周，成虫寿命、寄生率和后代与对照相比无显着差异。通过分析基因表达模式并比较冷处理成虫（15、10或5℃冷藏1周后的成虫，分别称为T2、T3和T4）和未经历过冷处理的成虫的全转录组。冷储存（简称T1），共鉴定出1376、9799和7745个差异表达基因（DEG）（T1 vs T2、T1 vs T3、T1 vs T4）。在 T1 与 T2、T1 与 T3 和 T1 与 T4 处理中总共鉴定出 196 个常见上调基因和 100 个常见下调基因。通过加权基因共表达网络分析（WGCNA）鉴定出总共6个由差异共表达基因组成的模块。 Mebrown 模块与 T4 样本密切相关。 Mebrown 基因模块被发现与代谢过程（217 个基因）、细胞部分（148 个基因）和催化活性（225 个基因）高度相关。四个转录因子基因 、 、 、 和 作为中心基因出现在 Mebrown 模块中。基因表达的变化表明，可以显着上调非生物相关基因的表达水平，如热休克蛋白（Hsp 90）基因、细胞色素P450、钙联蛋白基因等，以应对冷胁迫。目前的结果提供了分子机制并确定了可以解释冷应激适应的关键基因。