The postsynaptic density (PSD) is a collection of specialized proteins assembled beneath the postsynaptic membrane of dendritic spines. The PSD proteome comprises ~1000 proteins, including neurotransmitter receptors, scaffolding proteins and signalling enzymes. Many of these proteins have essential roles in synaptic function and plasticity. During brain development, changes are observed in synapse density and in the stability and shape of spines, reflecting the underlying molecular maturation of synapses. Synaptic protein composition changes in terms of protein abundance and the assembly of protein complexes, supercomplexes and the physical organization of the PSD. Here, we summarize the developmental alterations of postsynaptic protein composition during synapse maturation. We describe major PSD proteins involved in postsynaptic signalling that regulates synaptic plasticity and discuss the effect of altered expression of these proteins during development. We consider the abnormality of synaptic profiles and synaptic protein composition in the brain in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders. We also explain differences in synapse development between rodents and primates in terms of synaptic profiles and protein composition. Finally, we introduce recent findings related to synaptic diversity and nanoarchitecture and discuss their impact on future research. Synaptic protein composition can be considered a major determinant and marker of synapse maturation in normality and disease.

中文翻译：

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发育突触成熟过程中突触蛋白组成的变化

突触后密度（PSD）是在树突棘突触后膜下组装的特殊蛋白质的集合。 PSD 蛋白质组包含约 1000 种蛋白质，包括神经递质受体、支架蛋白和信号酶。许多这些蛋白质在突触功能和可塑性中具有重要作用。在大脑发育过程中，观察到突触密度以及棘的稳定性和形状的变化，反映了突触潜在的分子成熟。突触蛋白质组成在蛋白质丰度、蛋白质复合物、超级复合物的组装以及 PSD 的物理组织方面发生变化。在这里，我们总结了突触成熟过程中突触后蛋白质组成的发育变化。我们描述了参与调节突触可塑性的突触后信号传导的主要 PSD 蛋白，并讨论了这些蛋白在发育过程中表达改变的影响。我们考虑神经发育障碍（例如自闭症谱系障碍）中大脑中突触轮廓和突触蛋白组成的异常。我们还解释了啮齿类动物和灵长类动物在突触特征和蛋白质组成方面突触发育的差异。最后，我们介绍了与突触多样性和纳米结构相关的最新发现，并讨论了它们对未来研究的影响。突触蛋白组成可被认为是正常和疾病状态下突触成熟的主要决定因素和标志。