Trade restrictions are often advocated and implemented as measures to protect wild species threatened by overexploitation. However, in some instances, their efficacy has been questioned, notably by governments in the southern African (SADC) region, which tend to favor a sustainable use approach to wildlife management. We conducted a systematic review of published literature guided by the PRISMA process to examine the effectiveness of trade restrictions and directly related control measures in addressing threats to species conservation in the SADC region, with a focus on elephants (Loxodonta sp.), rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum, Diceros bicornis), lions (Panthera leo), and pangolins (Manis sp.). We focused in particular on the direct conservation impact of trade restrictions at species or population level, indirect conservation impact at human behavior or attitude level, and socioeconomic impact on rural livelihoods and well‐being and on national economies. Research on these topics was uneven and focused strongly on the effects of trade restrictions and law enforcement on crime‐related behavior. Research gaps include socioeconomic impacts of trade restrictions, including effects of international restrictions on local livelihoods and consequent secondary conservation impacts, and evaluations of attempts to disrupt criminal networks. Based on the reviewed impact evidence, the effectiveness of international trade restrictions depends on a range of fully aligned measures in countries of origin, transit, and consumption. For example, our results suggest positive ecological short‐term but negative or unknown long‐term socioeconomic impacts of domestic restrictions. Based on these findings, key policy requirements include more nuanced approaches to incorporate a range of appropriate measures in range, transit, and consumer countries, that focus on capacity development for early detection and apprehension of incursions inside protected areas; measures for constructive engagement with relevant local communities outside protected areas; and future research to improve understanding of the socioeconomic contribution of wildlife.

中文翻译：

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系统审查限制性野生动物贸易措施对南部非洲标志性物种保护的影响

贸易限制常常被提倡和实施，作为保护受到过度开发威胁的野生物种的措施。然而，在某些情况下，它们的功效受到质疑，特别是南部非洲（SADC）地区的政府，它们倾向于采用可持续利用的方法来管理野生动物。我们对 PRISMA 流程指导下的已发表文献进行了系统审查，以检验贸易限制和直接相关控制措施在解决南部非洲发展共同体地区物种保护威胁方面的有效性，重点关注大象（象牙属sp.），犀牛（角犀,双角骰角鱼）、狮子（狮子座豹）和穿山甲（马尼斯）。我们特别关注贸易限制对物种或种群层面的直接保护影响、对人类行为或态度层面的间接保护影响，以及对农村生计和福祉以及国民经济的社会经济影响。对这些主题的研究参差不齐，主要集中在贸易限制和执法对犯罪相关行为的影响。研究差距包括贸易限制的社会经济影响，包括国际限制对当地生计的影响和随之而来的二次保护影响，以及对破坏犯罪网络的企图的评估。根据审查的影响证据，国际贸易限制的有效性取决于原产国、过境国和消费国采取的一系列完全一致的措施。例如，我们的结果表明，国内限制对生态短期产生积极的影响，但对社会经济产生负面或未知的长期影响。基于这些发现，关键的政策要求包括采取更细致的方法，在分布国、过境国和消费国采取一系列适当的措施，重点关注早期发现和逮捕保护区内入侵的能力建设；与保护区外相关当地社区进行建设性接触的措施；以及未来的研究，以提高对野生动物社会经济贡献的了解。