The world is currently facing uncertainty caused by environmental, social, and economic changes and by political shocks. Fostering social-ecological resilience by enhancing forests’ ability to provide a range of ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration, habitat provision, and sustainable livelihoods, is key to addressing such uncertainty. However, policy makers and managers currently lack a clear understanding of how to operationalise the shaping of resilience through the combined challenges of climate change, the biodiversity crisis, and changes in societal demand. Based on a scientific literature review, we identified a set of actions related to ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, and disturbance and pressure impacts that forest managers and policy makers should attend to enhance the resilience of European forest systems. We conclude that the resilience shaping of forests should (1) adopt an operational approach, which is currently lacking, (2) identify and address existing and future trade-offs while reinforcing win–wins and (3) attend to local particularities through an adaptive management approach.

当前，世界正面临环境、社会和经济变化以及政治冲击带来的不确定性。通过增强森林提供一系列生态系统服务（包括固碳、提供栖息地和可持续生计）的能力来增强社会生态复原力，是解决此类不确定性的关键。然而，政策制定者和管理者目前对如何通过气候变化、生物多样性危机和社会需求变化的综合挑战来实施韧性塑造缺乏清晰的认识。基于科学文献综述，我们确定了森林管理者和政策制定者应采取的一系列与生态系统服务、生物多样性保护以及干扰和压力影响相关的行动，以增强欧洲森林系统的复原力。我们的结论是，森林的复原力塑造应该（1）采用目前缺乏的操作方法，（2）确定并解决现有和未来的权衡，同时加强双赢，（3）通过适应性措施关注当地的特殊性。管理方法。