Purpose

Additive manufacturing also known as 3D printing is an evolving advanced manufacturing technology critical for the new era of complex machinery and operating systems. Manufacturing systems are increasingly faced with risk of attacks not only by traditional malicious actors such as hackers and cyber-criminals but also by some competitors and organizations engaged in corporate espionage. This paper aims to elaborate a plausible risk practice of designing and demonstrate a case study for the compromised-based malicious for polymer 3D printing system.

Design/methodology/approach

This study assumes conditions when a machine was compromised and evaluates the effect of post compromised attack by studying its effects on tensile dog bone specimens as the printed object. The designed algorithm removed predetermined specific number of layers from the tensile samples. The samples were visually identical in terms of external physical dimensions even after removal of the layers. Samples were examined nondestructively for density. Additionally, destructive uniaxial tensile tests were carried out on the modified samples and compared to the unmodified sample as a control for various mechanical properties. It is worth noting that the current approach was adapted for illustrating the impact of cyber altercations on properties of additively produced parts in a quantitative manner. It concurrently pointed towards the vulnerabilities of advanced manufacturing systems and a need for designing robust mitigation/defense mechanism against the cyber altercations.

Findings

Density, Young’s modulus and maximum strength steadily decreased with an increase in the number of missing layers, whereas a no clear trend was observed in the case of % elongation. Post tensile test observations of the sample cross-sections confirmed the successful removal of the layers from the samples by the designed method. As a result, the current work presented a cyber-attack model and its quantitative implications on the mechanical properties of 3D printed objects.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the original work from the team. It is currently not under consideration for publication in any other avenue. The paper provides quantitative approach of realizing impact of cyber intrusions on deteriorated performance of additively manufactured products. It also enlists important intrusion mechanisms relevant to additive manufacturing.

中文翻译：

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诱发的改变导致增材制造产品的结构性能受损

目的

增材制造也称为 3D 打印，是一种不断发展的先进制造技术，对于复杂机械和操作系统的新时代至关重要。制造系统越来越面临着攻击的风险，不仅来自黑客和网络犯罪分子等传统恶意行为者，还来自一些从事企业间谍活动的竞争对手和组织。本文旨在阐述一种合理的风险实践，设计并演示针对聚合物 3D 打印系统的基于受损的恶意行为的案例研究。

设计/方法论/途径

这项研究假设机器受到损害的情况，并通过研究其对作为打印对象的拉伸狗骨样本的影响来评估受到损害后的攻击的影响。设计的算法从拉伸样品中去除了预定的特定数量的层。即使在去除各层之后，样品的外部物理尺寸在视觉上也是相同的。对样品进行无损密度检查。此外，对改性样品进行了破坏性单轴拉伸测试，并与未改性样品进行比较，作为各种机械性能的对照。值得注意的是，当前的方法适用于以定量方式说明网络争论对增材制造零件性能的影响。它同时指出了先进制造系统的脆弱性以及针对网络争论设计强大的缓解/防御机制的必要性。

发现

密度、杨氏模量和最大强度随着缺失层数的增加而稳定下降，而在伸长率百分比的情况下没有观察到明显的趋势。样品横截面的拉伸测试后观察证实，通过设计的方法成功地从样品中去除了层。因此，当前的工作提出了一个网络攻击模型及其对 3D 打印物体机械性能的定量影响。

原创性/价值

据作者所知，这是该团队的原创作品。目前尚未考虑在任何其他渠道发布。本文提供了量化网络入侵对增材制造产品性能下降影响的方法。它还列出了与增材制造相关的重要入侵机制。