Despite repeated spillover transmission and their potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality in human hosts, the New World mammarenaviruses remain largely understudied. These viruses are endemic to South America, with animal reservoir hosts covering large geographic areas and whose transmission ecology and spillover potential are driven in part by land use change and agriculture that put humans in regular contact with zoonotic hosts. We compiled published studies about Guanarito virus, Junin virus, Machupo virus, Chapare virus, Sabia virus, and Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus to review the state of knowledge about the viral hemorrhagic fevers caused by New World mammarenaviruses. We summarize what is known about rodent reservoirs, the conditions of spillover transmission for each of these pathogens, and the characteristics of human populations at greatest risk for hemorrhagic fever diseases. We also review the implications of repeated outbreaks and biosecurity concerns where these diseases are endemic, and steps that countries can take to strengthen surveillance and increase capacity of local healthcare systems. While there are unique risks posed by each of these six viruses, their ecological and epidemiological similarities suggest common steps to mitigate spillover transmission and better contain future outbreaks.

中文翻译：

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人畜共患新世界乳腺病毒新出现的健康威胁综述

尽管反复发生溢出传播并且有可能在人类宿主中造成严重的发病率和死亡率，但新世界乳腺病毒在很大程度上仍没有得到充分研究。这些病毒是南美洲的地方病，动物储存宿主覆盖了大片地理区域，其传播生态和溢出潜力部分是由土地利用变化和农业造成的，这些变化使人类与人畜共患宿主经常接触。我们汇编了已发表的有关瓜纳里托病毒、胡宁病毒、马丘波病毒、查帕雷病毒、萨比亚病毒和淋巴细胞性脉络丛脑膜炎病毒的研究，以回顾有关新世界乳腺病毒引起的病毒性出血热的知识状况。我们总结了对啮齿动物宿主的了解、每种病原体的溢出传播条件以及出血热疾病高危人群的特征。我们还审查了这些疾病反复爆发的影响和生物安全问题，以及各国可以采取的加强监测和提高当地医疗系统能力的措施。虽然这六种病毒各自带来独特的风险，但它们的生态和流行病学相似性表明可以采取共同措施来减轻溢出传播并更好地遏制未来的疫情爆发。