We assessed the association of hedonic hunger, self-control (impulsivity and restraint), cognitive distortion (CD), and well-being with adiposity measures such as waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), body mass index (BMI), total body fat (TBF), subcutaneous fat (SF), visceral fat level (VFL), skeletal muscle percentage (SM), and resting metabolism (RM), among a sample of urban Malaysian adults at Sunway University and Sunway College, Selangor, Malaysia. Among 186 participants (M/F = 51/135; aged 22.1 ± 5.0), psychometrics were assessed using Power of Food Scale (PFS), Brief Self-Control Scale, CD Questionnaire (CD-Quest), and WHO-5 Well-being Index. Blood pressures, anthropometrics and body compositions were also measured using standard methods and bioimpedance. Men had significantly higher well-being, but lower overall self-control, impulsivity and Food Available hedonic hunger. Those with moderate/severe CD had higher odds ratio (OR) of having high central adiposity, compared with those with absent/slight CD (OR: 2.52;95% CI: 1.14, 5.61; p = 0.023 for WC and OR: 2.50; 95% CI: 1.19, 5.23; p = 0.015 for WHR). Higher CD and PFS scores were strongly significantly correlated with higher systolic blood pressure (SBP), WC, WHR, WHtR, BMI, TBF, SF, VFL and RM. Lower self-control was weakly correlated with higher WC, while lower impulsivity and restraint were weakly correlated with higher VFL. Those who were overweight, obese, and in high TBF class had significantly higher PFS Aggregate Factor scores. Food Available and Food Present scores, but not Food Tasted, were also significantly higher among overweight participants. Higher hedonic hunger and CD were associated with higher SBP and all adiposity measures. Overweight participants had higher hedonic hunger in the context of ready availability and physical presence of highly palatable foods. Lower self-control was weakly correlated with higher central adiposity; lower impulsivity and restraint were weakly correlated with higher visceral adiposity. These findings have provided some insights into the cognitive factors underlying adiposity. Higher recreational eating and irrational thinking, while lower self-control, may lead to higher fat accumulation and increased body weight among urban Malaysian adults.

中文翻译：

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马来西亚城市成年人样本中享乐饥饿、自我控制、认知扭曲和幸福感与肥胖指标的横断面关联研究

我们评估了享乐饥饿、自我控制（冲动和克制）、认知扭曲（CD）和幸福感与肥胖指标（如腰围（WC）、腰臀比（WHR）、腰臀比）之间的关系。身高比（WHtR）、体重指数（BMI）、全身脂肪（TBF）、皮下脂肪（SF）、内脏脂肪水平（VFL）、骨骼肌百分比（SM）和静息代谢（RM）等马来西亚雪兰莪州双威大学和双威学院的马来西亚城市成年人样本。在 186 名参与者（男/女 = 51/135；年龄 22.1 ± 5.0）中，使用食物力量量表 (PFS)、简短自我控制量表、CD 问卷 (CD-Quest) 和 WHO-5 Well-是索引。还使用标准方法和生物阻抗测量血压、人体测量学和身体成分。男性的幸福感明显更高，但总体自我控制力、冲动性和食物享乐性饥饿程度较低。与无/轻度 CD 的患者相比，中度/重度 CD 患者的中心性肥胖比值比 (OR) 更高（OR：2.52；95% CI：1.14、5.61；WC 和 OR：2.50，p = 0.023； 95% CI：1.19，5.23；腰臀比 p = 0.015）。较高的 CD 和 PFS 评分与较高的收缩压 (SBP)、WC、WHR、WHtR、BMI、TBF、SF、VFL 和 RM 呈显着相关。较低的自我控制力与较高的 WC 弱相关，而较低的冲动性和克制力与较高的 VFL 弱相关。超重、肥胖和 TBF 高级别的患者的 PFS 综合因子得分显着较高。超重参与者的可用食物和存在食物得分也显着较高，但未品尝食物。较高的享乐饥饿和 CD 与较高的 SBP 和所有肥胖指标相关。超重的参与者在可口性高的食物容易获得和实际存在的情况下具有更高的享乐饥饿感。较低的自我控制力与较高的中心性肥胖呈弱相关；较低的冲动性和克制力与较高的内脏肥胖程度呈弱相关。这些发现为肥胖背后的认知因素提供了一些见解。马来西亚城市成年人的休闲饮食和非理性思维较多，而自我控制能力较低，可能会导致脂肪堆积较多和体重增加。