Mosquitoes inhabiting urban green spaces and cemeteries in Europe represent a crucial facet of public health concern and contribute to the ecological balance. As urbanization intensifies, these areas increasingly serve as vital habitats for various mosquito species, fostering breeding grounds and increasing the risk of disease transmission. A study was conducted in the three main cities (inland, coastal, and estuarine) of the Basque Country, northern Spain, to investigate the species composition, abundance, dynamic populations, larval habitats, and host preferences of mosquitoes in urban green spaces and cemeteries. CDC traps and dipping were used to collect mosquitoes for 2 years (2019–2020). A total of 21 mosquito species were identified, with Culex pipiens s.l. being the most abundant and widespread. The three ecological forms of Cx. pipiens were found, and Cx. pipiens pipiens was the most common in both green areas and cemeteries. Morphological identification together with molecular tools identified 65 COI sequences with high homology. The highest species richness was found in the inland city, followed by the coastal city and the estuarine city. Mosquito abundance was significantly higher in green areas compared to cemeteries and in the coastal and estuarine cities compared to the inland city. The investigation of larval breeding sites highlighted the dominance of Cx. pipiens s.l., particularly in semi-artificial ponds, diverse water-holding containers (tyres and buckets) and drainage systems in green areas; in cemeteries, most of the larvae were found in flowerpots and funerary urns. Seasonal activity exhibited variable peaks in mosquito abundance in the different cities, with a notable increase in July or August. Additionally, blood meal analysis revealed that Cx. pipiens s.l. fed on several common urban avian species. Studies on mosquitoes are essential to understand their role in disease transmission and to design targeted and sustainable management strategies to mitigate the associated risks.

中文翻译：

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西班牙北部城市绿地和墓地的蚊子

栖息在欧洲城市绿地和墓地的蚊子代表了公共卫生问题的一个重要方面，并有助于生态平衡。随着城市化进程的加快，这些地区日益成为各种蚊子的重要栖息地，滋生繁殖地并增加疾病传播的风险。在西班牙北部巴斯克地区的三个主要城市（内陆、沿海和河口）进行了一项研究，调查城市绿地和墓地中蚊子的物种组成、丰度、动态种群、幼虫栖息地以及寄主偏好。使用 CDC 诱捕器和浸渍法收集蚊子已有 2 年（2019-2020 年）。总共鉴定出 21 种蚊子，其中淡色库蚊 (Culex pipiens sl) 数量最多、分布最广。 Cx 的三种生态形式。发现了 pipiens 和 Cx。 pipiens pipiens 在绿地和墓地中最为常见。形态学鉴定结合分子工具鉴定出65条具有高度同源性的COI序列。内陆城市物种丰富度最高，其次是沿海城市和河口城市。绿地的蚊子数量明显高于墓地，沿海和河口城市的蚊子数量明显高于内陆城市。对幼虫繁殖地的调查凸显了 Cx 的主导地位。 pipiens sl，特别是半人工池塘、各种盛水容器（轮胎和水桶）以及绿地的排水系统；在墓地，大多数幼虫是在花盆和骨灰瓮中发现的。不同城市的蚊虫丰度季节性活动呈现出不同的峰值，其中七月或八月显着增加。此外，血粉分析显示 Cx。 pipiens sl 以几种常见的城市鸟类为食。对蚊子的研究对于了解它们在疾病传播中的作用以及设计有针对性的可持续管理策略以减轻相关风险至关重要。