Climate is an important driver of ungulate life-histories, population dynamics, and migratory behaviors. Climate conditions can directly impact ungulates via changes in the costs of thermoregulation and locomotion, or indirectly, via changes in habitat and forage availability, predation, and species interactions. Many studies have documented the effects of climate variability and climate change on North America’s ungulates, recording impacts to population demographics, physiology, foraging behavior, migratory patterns, and more. However, ungulate responses are not uniform and vary by species and geography. Here, we present a systematic map describing the abundance and distribution of evidence on the effects of climate variability and climate change on native ungulates in North America. We searched for all evidence documenting or projecting how climate variability and climate change affect the 15 ungulate species native to the U.S., Canada, Mexico, and Greenland. We searched Web of Science, Scopus, and the websites of 62 wildlife management agencies to identify relevant academic and grey literature. We screened English-language documents for inclusion at both the title and abstract and full-text levels. Data from all articles that passed full-text review were extracted and coded in a database. We identified knowledge clusters and gaps related to the species, locations, climate variables, and outcome variables measured in the literature. We identified a total of 674 relevant articles published from 1947 until September 2020. Caribou (Rangifer tarandus), elk (Cervus canadensis), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were the most frequently studied species. Geographically, more research has been conducted in the western U.S. and western Canada, though a notable concentration of research is also located in the Great Lakes region. Nearly 75% more articles examined the effects of precipitation on ungulates compared to temperature, with variables related to snow being the most commonly measured climate variables. Most studies examined the effects of climate on ungulate population demographics, habitat and forage, and physiology and condition, with far fewer examining the effects on disturbances, migratory behavior, and seasonal range and corridor habitat. The effects of climate change, and its interactions with stressors such as land-use change, predation, and disease, is of increasing concern to wildlife managers. With its broad scope, this systematic map can help ungulate managers identify relevant climate impacts and prepare for future changes to the populations they manage. Decisions regarding population control measures, supplemental feeding, translocation, and the application of habitat treatments are just some of the management decisions that can be informed by an improved understanding of climate impacts. This systematic map also identified several gaps in the literature that would benefit from additional research, including climate effects on ungulate migratory patterns, on species that are relatively understudied yet known to be sensitive to changes in climate, such as pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) and mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus), and on ungulates in the eastern U.S. and Mexico.

中文翻译：

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关于气候变率和气候变化对北美有蹄类动物影响的现有证据：系统地图

气候是有蹄类动物生活史、种群动态和迁徙行为的重要驱动因素。气候条件可以通过温度调节和运动成本的变化直接影响有蹄类动物，或者通过栖息地和饲料供应、捕食和物种相互作用的变化间接影响有蹄类动物。许多研究记录了气候变率和气候变化对北美有蹄类动物的影响，记录了对人口统计、生理、觅食行为、迁徙模式等的影响。然而，有蹄类动物的反应并不统一，并且因物种和地理位置而异。在这里，我们提出了一张系统地图，描述了气候变率和气候变化对北美本土有蹄类动物影响的证据的丰富性和分布。我们搜索了所有记录或预测气候变率和气候变化如何影响原产于美国、加拿大、墨西哥和格陵兰岛的 15 种有蹄类动物的证据。我们检索了 Web of Science、Scopus 和 62 个野生动物管理机构的网站，以查找相关学术和灰色文献。我们筛选了英文文档，以包含标题、摘要和全文。所有通过全文审查的文章的数据都被提取并编码到数据库中。我们确定了与文献中测量的物种、地点、气候变量和结果变量相关的知识集群和差距。我们确定了从 1947 年到 2020 年 9 月发表的总共 674 篇相关文章。驯鹿 (Rangifer tarandus)、麋鹿 (Cervus canadensis) 和白尾鹿 (Odocoileus virginianus) 是最常研究的物种。从地理上看，更多的研究是在美国西部和加拿大西部进行的，尽管研究也主要集中在五大湖地区。与温度相比，研究降水对有蹄类动物影响的文章多了近 75%，其中与雪相关的变量是最常测量的气候变量。大多数研究考察了气候对有蹄类动物种群数量、栖息地和饲料、生理和条件的影响，而很少有研究考察气候对干扰、迁徙行为、季节范围和廊道栖息地的影响。气候变化的影响及其与土地利用变化、捕食和疾病等压力源的相互作用越来越受到野生动物管理者的关注。凭借其广泛的范围，这张系统地图可以帮助有蹄类动物管理者识别相关的气候影响，并为他们管理的种群的未来变化做好准备。有关种群控制措施、补充喂养、易地迁徙和栖息地处理应用的决策只是通过更好地了解气候影响而做出的一些管理决策。这张系统图还确定了文献中的几个空白，这些空白将受益于额外的研究，包括气候对有蹄类动物迁徙模式的影响，对相对而言研究相对不足但已知对气候变化敏感的物种的影响，例如叉角羚（Antilocapra americana）和山羊（Oreamnos americanus），以及对美国东部和墨西哥的有蹄类动物的影响。