Traditional approaches to the modeling of multiple‐choice item response data (e.g., 3PL, 4PL models) emphasize slips and guesses as random events. In this paper, an item response model is presented that characterizes both disjunctively interacting guessing and conjunctively interacting slipping processes as proficiency‐related phenomena. We show how evidence for this perspective is seen in the systematic form of invariance violations for item slip and guess parameters under four‐parameter IRT models when compared across populations of different mean proficiency levels. Specifically, higher proficiency populations tend to show higher guess and lower slip probabilities than lower proficiency populations. The results undermine the use of traditional models for IRT applications that require invariance and would suggest greater attention to alternatives.

中文翻译：

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猜测和失误作为与熟练程度相关的现象以及对参数不变性的影响

多项选择题响应数据建模的传统方法（例如，3PL、4PL 模型）强调将失误和猜测视为随机事件。在本文中，提出了一个项目响应模型，该模型将分离相互作用的猜测和结合相互作用的滑动过程表征为与熟练程度相关的现象。我们展示了当在不同平均熟练水平的人群之间进行比较时，如何在四参数 IRT 模型下以系统形式的项目滑动和猜测参数的不变性违规来看待这一观点的证据。具体而言，熟练程度较高的人群往往比熟练程度较低的人群表现出更高的猜测和更低的失误概率。结果破坏了要求不变性的 IRT 应用中传统模型的使用，并建议更多地关注替代方案。