Using a highly detailed dataset at the municipality level, drawn from the Spanish Mining Cadastre of 1890, this paper shows how the mining sector affected education provision and human capital formation in early twentieth century Spain. The results indicate that there were two patterns in mining towns. Those mines that invested in technology, those highly productive, and those with post-extraction industries linkages were able to transform mineral capital into human capital. However, in areas where mines were characterized by unskilled labour and low living standard, the mining sector had a negative impact on education, especially in women’s human capital formation.

中文翻译：

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将矿产资本转化为人力资本？二十世纪初西班牙的采矿和教育

本文使用取自 1890 年西班牙矿业地籍的高度详细的市级数据集，展示了采矿业如何影响二十世纪初西班牙的教育提供和人力资本形成。结果表明，矿业城镇存在两种模式。那些投资技术的矿山、那些高生产率的矿山以及那些与采后产业有联系的矿山能够将矿产资本转化为人力资本。然而，在采矿业以非熟练劳动力和低生活水平为特点的地区，采矿业对教育产生了负面影响，特别是在妇女人力资本形成方面。