Road networks have major ecological impacts on living organisms consequent to habitat loss and fragmentation, chemical and acoustic pollution, and direct mortality when wildlife-vehicle collisions are involved (WVC). The many past empirical studies revealed major variables accounting for WVC incidence ( population density). Similarly, spatial locations of WVC hot-spots are associated to landscape features at large spatial scales, and to road characteristics at small spatial scales. Yet, we currently lack a comprehensive theoretical framework for WVC. Animal movement in relation to habitats is likely an essential driver of encounters with roads, but this remains largely ignored in most studies. Movement ecology now provides the necessary tools to investigate the impact of animal movement on WVC. We built a general individual-based model incorporating recent knowledge in movement ecology (movement typology: roaming, migratory route crossing a road, active attraction and active repulsion of roads) to estimate WVC risks. We explored the relative effects of animal and vehicle movement parameters (speed, abundance, road sinuosity and animal movement pattern) on collision probability. We show that animal behavior toward roads has major impacts on the number and risks of WVC, but also modulate the effects of other factors (animal speed, species local abundance, road traffic volume) on WVC. Sensitivity analyses show that the movement and behavior of the animal has more influence on WVC risks than any of the characteristics of roads and vehicles we tested. Our results suggest that empirical studies of WVC should incorporate knowledge about the behavioral habits of the focal species in relation to roads.

中文翻译：

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将动物运动整合到野生动物-车辆碰撞模型中

由于栖息地丧失和破碎、化学和声音污染以及涉及野生动物与车辆碰撞时的直接死亡（WVC），道路网络对生物体产生重大生态影响。过去的许多实证研究揭示了影响 WVC 发生率（人口密度）的主要变量。同样，WVC 热点的空间位置与大空间尺度的景观特征相关，而在小空间尺度则与道路特征相关。然而，我们目前缺乏全面的 WVC 理论框架。与栖息地相关的动物运动可能是与道路相遇的重要驱动因素，但这在大多数研究中仍然被忽视。运动生态学现在提供了必要的工具来研究动物运动对 WVC 的影响。我们建立了一个基于个体的通用模型，结合了运动生态学的最新知识（运动类型学：漫游、穿越道路的迁徙路线、道路的主动吸引和主动排斥）来估计 WVC 风险。我们探讨了动物和车辆运动参数（速度、丰度、道路蜿蜒度和动物运动模式）对碰撞概率的相对影响。我们表明，动物对道路的行为对 WVC 的数量和风险有重大影响，但也调节其他因素（动物速度、当地物种丰富度、道路交通量）对 WVC 的影响。敏感性分析表明，与我们测试的道路和车辆的任何特征相比，动物的运动和行为对 WVC 风险的影响更大。我们的结果表明，WVC 的实证研究应纳入有关重点物种与道路相关的行为习惯的知识。