We use a survey experiment to document the presence of framing effects in the measurement of attitudes. Next, using standard techniques for generating aggregate indices, we find that statement framing can meaningfully influence the relationship of the index with relevant covariates—in some cases changing the magnitude, statistical significance, and even the sign of the estimated relationship. We conclude by discussing how randomizing statement framing across respondents can help address bias in the measurement of attitudes.

中文翻译：

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我说什么取决于你如何提问：框架对态度测量影响的实验证据

我们使用调查实验来记录态度测量中框架效应的存在。接下来，使用生成汇总指数的标准技术，我们发现陈述框架可以有意义地影响指数与相关协变量的关系——在某些情况下改变大小、统计显着性，甚至估计关系的符号。最后，我们讨论了受访者之间的随机陈述框架如何帮助解决态度测量中的偏见。