Brief introduction: What are microclimates and why are they important?Microclimate science has developed into a global discipline. Microclimate science is increasingly used to understand and mitigate climate and biodiversity shifts. Here, we provide an overview of the current status of microclimate ecology and biogeography in terrestrial ecosystems, and where this field is heading next.Microclimate investigations in ecology and biogeographyWe highlight the latest research on interactions between microclimates and organisms, including how microclimates influence individuals, and through them populations, communities and entire ecosystems and their processes. We also briefly discuss recent research on how organisms shape microclimates from the tropics to the poles.Microclimate applications in ecosystem managementMicroclimates are also important in ecosystem management under climate change. We showcase new research in microclimate management with examples from biodiversity conservation, forestry and urban ecology. We discuss the importance of microrefugia in conservation and how to promote microclimate heterogeneity.Methods for microclimate scienceWe showcase the recent advances in data acquisition, such as novel field sensors and remote sensing methods. We discuss microclimate modelling, mapping and data processing, including accessibility of modelling tools, advantages of mechanistic and statistical modelling and solutions for computational challenges that have pushed the state‐of‐the‐art of the field.What's next?We identify major knowledge gaps that need to be filled for further advancing microclimate investigations, applications and methods. These gaps include spatiotemporal scaling of microclimate data, mismatches between macroclimate and microclimate in predicting responses of organisms to climate change, and the need for more evidence on the outcomes of microclimate management.

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小气候，生态学和生物地理学的重要组成部分

简介：什么是小气候以及它们为何重要？小气候科学已发展成为一门全球性学科。微气候科学越来越多地用于理解和减轻气候和生物多样性的变化。在这里，我们概述了陆地生态系统中微气候生态学和生物地理学的现状，以及该领域的下一步发展方向。生态学和生物地理学中的微气候调查我们重点介绍了微气候与生物体之间相互作用的最新研究，包括微气候如何影响个体，并通过它们影响人口、社区和整个生态系统及其过程。我们还简要讨论了关于生物如何塑造从热带到极地小气候的最新研究。微气候在生态系统管理中的应用微气候在气候变化下的生态系统管理中也很重要。我们以生物多样性保护、林业和城市生态学为例展示微气候管理的新研究。我们讨论了微栖息地在保护中的重要性以及如何促进微气候异质性。微气候科学方法我们展示了数据采集的最新进展，例如新型现场传感器和遥感方法。我们讨论微气候建模、绘图和数据处理，包括建模工具的可访问性、机械和统计建模的优势以及推动该领域最先进的计算挑战的解决方案。下一步是什么？我们确定了主要的知识差距进一步推进微气候调查、应用和方法需要填补这些空白。这些差距包括小气候数据的时空尺度、预测生物体对气候变化的反应时宏观气候和小气候之间的不匹配，以及需要更多关于小气候管理结果的证据。