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HLA‐DQ7.5 and coeliac disease
International Journal of Immunogenetics ( IF 2.2 ) Pub Date : 2024-04-10 , DOI: 10.1111/iji.12671
Stiliano Maimaris 1 , Annalisa Schiepatti 1, 2 , Chiara Scarcella 2 , Carla Badulli 3 , Federico Biagi 1, 2
Affiliation  

We have read with great interest the recently published UK NEQAS and BSHI guideline on laboratory testing and clinical interpretation of HLA genotyping results supporting the diagnosis of coeliac disease (CD) by Pritchard et al. (2023). Interpretation of HLA genotyping for CD can be challenging in clinical practice, and sometimes even misleading, and these proposed guidelines provide a valuable framework for standardizing HLA genotyping and its interpretation in the context of CD diagnosis. However, we would like to address a particular point of contention regarding excluding CD in patients expressing only HLA-DQA1*05 (in the form of DQ7.5) in the absence of HLA-DQ2.5, DQ8 and DQ2.2.

The guideline suggests that the presence of DQA1*05 alone (which occurs in HLA-DQ7.5), without the corresponding DQB1*02 allele to form the DQ2.5 heterodimer in cis or trans, should lead to the exclusion of CD (Pritchard et al., 2023). However, in our experience, coeliac patients expressing only HLA-DQ7.5 do exist, and among coeliac patients diagnosed at our centre are roughly as common as those with only DQ8 or only DQ2.2. More precisely at our centre we have diagnosed 6 DQ7.5+, 6 DQ2.2+ and 4 DQ8+ coeliac patients. This may seem strange at first, but it might be explained by the very high frequency of the DQ7.5 haplotype in the Italian general population (26%), whereas DQ2.2 is less common (15%) and DQ8 is quite rare (2%) (Margaritte-Jeannin et al., 2004). These figures differ significantly from those of other populations, as data show a HLA-DQ7.5 prevalence of 17% in France (Margaritte-Jeannin et al., 2004), 11% in a European American population (Megiorni et al., 2009) and 10% in Scandinavia (Margaritte-Jeannin et al., 2004).

Data in the literature also show that a small, yet significant, subset of coeliac patients express only HLA-DQ7.5. More precisely, estimates show that 0.3%–2.1% of coeliac patients carry only the DQ7.5 allele in the absence of DQ2.5, DQ8 and DQ2.2 (Erlichster et al., 2020; Fernández-Bañares et al., 2017; Karell et al., 2003; Margaritte-Jeannin et al., 2004; Megiorni et al., 2009; Schiepatti et al., 2021; Tinto et al., 2015). Moreover, in a large multicentric study on seronegative CD, DQ7.5 alone was also found among seronegative patients (Schiepatti et al., 2021). Therefore, although the risk conferred by DQ7.5 alone is indeed very low, it is not negligible and we think that DQ7.5 alone may not ‘automatically’ exclude CD. The exclusion of CD based on DQ7.5 could therefore lead to missed diagnoses in a small minority of coeliac patients carrying only DQ7.5, who could otherwise benefit from a gluten-free diet and appropriate management of their condition.

Given the potential clinical implications, we think that CD should not be excluded solely due to HLA typing showing DQ7.5 alone without DQ2.5, DQ8 or DQ2.2, and standard diagnostic testing for CD should performed, especially when symptoms suggestive for CD are present (Zingone et al., 2022).



中文翻译:

HLA-DQ7.5 和乳糜泻

我们饶有兴趣地阅读了 Pritchard 等人最近发布的关于支持乳糜泻 (CD) 诊断的 HLA 基因分型结果的实验​​室检测和临床解释的英国 NEQAS 和 BSHI 指南。 (2023)。 CD 的 HLA 基因分型的解释在临床实践中可能具有挑战性,有时甚至会产生误导,这些拟议的指南为在 CD 诊断的背景下标准化 HLA 基因分型及其解释提供了有价值的框架。然而,我们想解决关于在不存在 HLA-DQ2.5、DQ8 和 DQ2.2 的情况下仅表达 HLA-DQA1*05(以 DQ7.5 的形式)的患者排除 CD 的特定争论点。

该指南表明,仅存在 DQA1*05(出现在 HLA-DQ7.5 中),而没有相应的 DQB1*02 等位基因以顺式反式形式形成 DQ2.5 异二聚体,应导致排除 CD(Pritchard)等人,2023)。然而,根据我们的经验,仅表达 HLA-DQ7.5 的乳糜泻患者确实存在,并且在我们中心诊断的乳糜泻患者中,与仅表达 DQ8 或仅表达 DQ2.2 的乳糜泻患者大致相同。更准确地说,我们中心已诊断出 6 名 DQ7.5 +、6 名 DQ2.2 +和 4 名 DQ8 +乳糜泻患者。乍一看这可能很奇怪,但这可能是由于 DQ7.5 单倍型在意大利普通人群中出现的频率非常高 (26%),而 DQ2.2 不太常见 (15%),而 DQ8 相当罕见( 2%)(Margaritte-Jeannin 等人,2004 年)。这些数字与其他人群的数据显着不同,因为数据显示,法国的 HLA-DQ7.5 患病率为 17%(Margaritte-Jeannin 等人,2004 年),欧洲裔美国人人群中的 HLA-DQ7.5 患病率为 11%(Megiorni 等人,2009 年) ),斯堪的纳维亚半岛为 10%(Margaritte-Jeannin 等人,2004 年)。

文献中的数据还表明,一小部分但重要的乳糜泻患者仅表达 HLA-DQ7.5。更准确地说,估计表明 0.3%–2.1% 的乳糜泻患者仅携带 DQ7.5 等位基因,而缺乏 DQ2.5、DQ8 和 DQ2.2(Erlichster 等人,2020 年;Fernández-Bañares 等人,2017 年) ;Karell 等人,2003;Margaritte-Jeannin 等人,2004 Schiepatti等人,2021 此外,在一项针对血清阴性 CD 的大型多中心研究中,在血清阴性患者中也发现了单独的 DQ7.5 (Schiepati et al., 2021 )。因此,虽然DQ7.5单独带来的风险确实非常低,但也不容忽视,我们认为单独DQ7.5可能不会“自动”排除CD。因此,基于 DQ7.5 排除 CD 可能会导致少数仅携带 DQ7.5 的乳糜泻患者漏诊,否则这些患者可以从无麸质饮食和适当的病情管理中受益。

考虑到潜在的临床意义,我们认为不应仅仅因为 HLA 分型显示仅显示 DQ7.5 而没有 DQ2.5、DQ8 或 DQ2.2 来排除 CD,并且应进行 CD 的标准诊断测试,尤其是当症状提示 CD 时存在(Zingone 等人,2022)。

更新日期:2024-04-10
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