Riboflavin is a water‐soluble yellowish vitamin and is controversial regarding its effect on tumour cells. Riboflavin is a powerful photosensitizer that upon exposure to radiation, undergoes an intersystem conversion with molecular oxygen, leading to the production of ROS. In the current study, we sought to ascertain the impact of irradiated riboflavin on C6 glioblastoma cells regarding proliferation, cell death, oxidative stress and migration. First, we compared the proliferative behaviour of cells following nonradiated and radiated riboflavin. Next, we performed apoptotic assays including Annexin V and caspase 3, 7 and 9 assays. Then we checked on oxidative stress and status by flow cytometry and ELISA kits. Finally, we examined inflammatory change and levels of MMP2 and SIRT1 proteins. We caught a clear antiproliferative and cytotoxic effect of irradiated riboflavin compared to nonradiated one. Therefore, we proceeded with our experiments using radiated riboflavin. In all apoptotic assays, we observed a dose‐dependent increase. Additionally, the levels of oxidants were found to increase, while antioxidant levels decreased following riboflavin treatment. In the inflammation analysis, we observed elevated levels of both pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, after treatment, we observed reduced levels of MMP2 and SIRT. In conclusion, radiated riboflavin clearly demonstrates superior antiproliferative and apoptotic effects on C6 cells at lower doses compared to nonradiated riboflavin.

中文翻译：

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辐照核黄素与未辐照核黄素相比：对胶质母细胞瘤细胞具有有效的抗迁移、抗增殖和细胞毒性作用

核黄素是一种水溶性淡黄色维生素，其对肿瘤细胞的作用存在争议。核黄素是一种强大的光敏剂，在暴露于辐射时，会与分子氧发生系统间转化，从而产生 ROS。在当前的研究中，我们试图确定辐照核黄素对 C6 胶质母细胞瘤细胞增殖、细胞死亡、氧化应激和迁移的影响。首先，我们比较了未辐射和辐射核黄素后细胞的增殖行为。接下来，我们进行了细胞凋亡检测，包括膜联蛋白 V 和 caspase 3、7 和 9 检测。然后我们通过流式细胞术和 ELISA 试剂盒检查氧化应激和状态。最后，我们检查了炎症变化以及 MMP2 和 SIRT1 蛋白的水平。与未辐射核黄素相比，我们发现辐射核黄素具有明显的抗增殖和细胞毒性作用。因此，我们继续使用辐射核黄素进行实验。在所有细胞凋亡测定中，我们观察到剂量依赖性增加。此外，核黄素治疗后，氧化剂水平增加，而抗氧化剂水平下降。在炎症分析中，我们观察到促炎和抗炎细胞因子的水平升高。此外，治疗后，我们观察到 MMP2 和 SIRT 水平降低。总之，与非辐射核黄素相比，辐射核黄素在较低剂量下清楚地表现出对 C6 细胞优越的抗增殖和凋亡作用。