Kisspeptins (KPs) are proteins that were first recognized to have antimetastatic action. Later, the critical role of this peptide in the regulation of reproduction was proved. In recent years, evidence has been accumulated supporting a role for KPs in regulating metabolic processes in a sexual dimorphic manner. It has been proposed that KPs regulate metabolism both indirectly via gonadal hormones and/or directly via the kisspeptin receptor in the brain, brown adipose tissue, and pancreas. The aim of the review is to provide both experimental and clinical evidence indicating that KPs are peptides linking metabolism and reproduction. We propose that KPs could be used as a potential target to treat both metabolic and reproductive abnormalities. Thus, we focus on the consequences of disruptions in KPs and their receptors in metabolic conditions such as diabetes, undernutrition, obesity, and reproductive disorders (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and polycystic ovary syndrome). Data from both animal models and human subjects indicate that alterations in KPs in the case of metabolic imbalance lead also to disruptions in reproductive functions. Changes both in the hypothalamic and peripheral KP systems in animal models of the aforementioned disorders are discussed. Finally, an overview of current clinical studies involving KP in fertility and metabolism show fewer studies on metabolism (15%) and only one to date on both. Presented data indicate a dynamic and emerging field of KP studies as possible therapeutic targets in treatments of both reproductive and metabolic dysfunctions.image

中文翻译：

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Kisspeptin 是治疗代谢和生殖功能障碍的潜在治疗靶点

Kisspeptins (KP) 是首先被认为具有抗转移作用的蛋白质。后来，这种肽在生殖调节中的关键作用被证明。近年来，越来越多的证据支持 KP 在以性二态性方式调节代谢过程中的作用。有人提出，KP 可以通过性腺激素间接调节代谢，也可以通过大脑、棕色脂肪组织和胰腺中的 Kisspeptin 受体直接调节代谢。该综述的目的是提供实验和临床证据，表明 KP 是连接代谢和繁殖的肽。我们建议 KPs 可以作为治疗代谢和生殖异常的潜在靶点。因此，我们关注 KP 及其受体在糖尿病、营养不良、肥胖和生殖障碍（低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症和多囊卵巢综合征）等代谢疾病中的破坏后果。来自动物模型和人类受试者的数据表明，代谢失衡情况下 KP 的改变也会导致生殖功能的破坏。讨论了上述疾病的动物模型中下丘脑和外周 KP 系统的变化。最后，对目前涉及 KP 在生育和代谢方面的临床研究的概述显示，关于代谢的研究较少 (15%)，迄今为止只有一项关于这两者的研究。所提供的数据表明，KP 研究是一个动态且新兴的领域，可作为治疗生殖和代谢功能障碍的可能治疗目标。图像