Spinal circuits are central to movement adaptation, yet the mechanisms within the spinal cord responsible for acquiring and retaining behavior upon experience remain unclear. Using a simple conditioning paradigm, we found that dorsal inhibitory neurons are indispensable for adapting protective limb-withdrawal behavior by regulating the transmission of a specific set of somatosensory information to enhance the saliency of conditioning cues associated with limb position. By contrast, maintaining previously acquired motor adaptation required the ventral inhibitory Renshaw cells. Manipulating Renshaw cells does not affect the adaptation itself but flexibly alters the expression of adaptive behavior. These findings identify a circuit basis involving two distinct populations of spinal inhibitory neurons, which enables lasting sensorimotor adaptation independently from the brain.

中文翻译：

---

两种抑制性神经元类别控制脊髓感觉运动适应的获取和回忆

脊髓回路是运动适应的核心，但脊髓内负责根据经验获得和保留行为的机制仍不清楚。使用简单的条件反射范式，我们发现背侧抑制神经元通过调节一组特定体感信息的传输来增强与肢体位置相关的条件线索的显着性，对于适应保护性肢体缩回行为是必不可少的。相比之下，维持先前获得的运动适应需要腹侧抑制性伦肖细胞。操纵伦肖细胞并不影响适应本身，而是灵活地改变适应行为的表达。这些发现确定了涉及两个不同的脊髓抑制神经元群的回路基础，这使得独立于大脑的持久感觉运动适应成为可能。