In the modern electric vehicle industry, the fast charging of lithium-ion batteries is essential. Charging at a high C-rate minimizes the charging time; however, this results in degradation due to the rapid rise in the temperature and voltage. Therefore, we propose an advanced charging protocol that reflects degradation conditions by integrating multistage constant current-constant voltage and pulse protocols. The proposed protocol was efficiently evaluated using a high-fidelity lithium-ion battery model based on porous electrode theory. However, this model-based optimal protocol design has challenges regarding the expansion of the design space based on the increasing number of parameters and lack of information about the degradation conditions. A Bayesian optimization was applied to perform sample-efficient optimization without using a first-principles model and to incorporate the variability of battery cells into a stochastic prediction model. The charging protocol design guidelines identified in the naïve design space are used as prior knowledge to improve the efficiency of charging protocol design considering degradation. As a result, advanced protocols that suppress degradation and allow for minimized charging times compared to reference protocols (i.e., multistage constant current-constant voltage) are given as a Pareto front.

中文翻译：

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考虑退化的先进集成锂离子电池快速充电协议

在现代电动汽车行业，锂离子电池的快速充电至关重要。高倍率充电可最大限度地缩短充电时间；然而，由于温度和电压的快速升高，这会导致性能下降。因此，我们提出了一种先进的充电协议，通过集成多级恒流-恒压和脉冲协议来反映退化条件。使用基于多孔电极理论的高保真锂离子电池模型有效地评估了所提出的协议。然而，这种基于模型的最优协议设计在基于参数数量的增加和缺乏有关退化条件的信息而扩展设计空间方面面临挑战。应用贝叶斯优化来执行样本有效优化，而不使用第一原理模型，并将电池单元的可变性纳入随机预测模型。在朴素设计空间中确定的充电协议设计指南被用作先验知识，以提高考虑退化的充电协议设计的效率。因此，与参考协议（即多级恒流恒压）相比，抑制退化并允许最小化充电时间的先进协议作为帕累托前沿给出。