Morphological features of the Mediterranean Sea basin have recently been precursors to a significant increase in the formation of extreme events, in relation to climate change effects. It happens very frequently that rotating air masses and the formation of mesoscale vortices can evolve into events with characteristics similar to large-scale tropical cyclones. Generally, they are less intense, with smaller size and duration; thus, they are called Medicanes, a short name for Mediterranean hurricanes, or tropical-like cyclones (TLCs). In this paper, we propose a new perspective for the study and analysis of cyclonic events, starting with data and images acquired from satellites and focusing on the diagnostics of the evolution of atmospheric parameters for these events. More precisely, satellite remote sensing techniques are employed to elaborate on different high spatial-resolution satellite images of the events at a given sensing time. Two case studies are examined, taking into account their development into Medicane stages: Ianos, which intensified in the Ionian Sea and reached the coast of Greece between 14 and 21 September 2020, and Apollo, which impacted Mediterranean latitudes with a long tracking from 24 October to 2 November 2021. For these events, 20 images were acquired from two different satellite sensors, onboard two low-Earth orbit (LEO) platforms, by deeply exploiting their thermal infrared (TIR) spectral channels. A useful extraction of significant physical information was carried out from every image, highlighting several atmospheric quantities, including temperature and altitude layers from the top of the cloud, vertical temperature gradient, atmospheric pressure field, and deep convection cloud. The diagnostics of the two events were investigated through the spatial scale capabilities of the instruments and the spatiotemporal evolution of the cyclones, including the comparison between satellite data and recording data from the BOLAM forecasting model. In addition, 384 images were extracted from the geostationary (GEO) satellite platform for the investigation of the events’ one-day structure intensification, by implementing time as the third dimension.

中文翻译：

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卫星分析：比较两种药物

地中海盆地的形态特征最近已成为与气候变化影响相关的极端事件显着增加的先兆。旋转气团和中尺度涡旋的形成经常会演变成具有类似于大型热带气旋特征的事件。一般来说，它们的强度较小，规模较小，持续时间也较小；因此，它们被称为“Medicanes”，是地中海飓风或类热带气旋 (TLC) 的简称。在本文中，我们提出了研究和分析气旋事件的新视角，从卫星获取的数据和图像开始，重点关注这些事件的大气参数演变的诊断。更准确地说，卫星遥感技术用于详细说明给定传感时间事件的不同高空间分辨率卫星图像。考虑到它们进入医疗阶段的发展，对两个案例研究进行了审查：伊阿诺斯（Ianos）在爱奥尼亚海增强并于2020年9月14日至21日到达希腊海岸，以及阿波罗（Apollo）从10月24日起长期跟踪影响地中海纬度截止日期为 2021 年 11 月 2 日。对于这些事件，通过深入利用两个低地球轨道 (LEO) 平台上的两个不同卫星传感器的热红外 (TIR) 光谱通道，获取了 20 张图像。从每幅图像中对重要的物理信息进行了有用的提取，突出显示了几个大气量，包括云顶的温度和高度层、垂直温度梯度、大气压力场和深对流云。通过仪器的空间尺度能力和气旋的时空演化，包括卫星数据和 BOLAM 预报模型记录数据之间的比较，研究了这两个事件的诊断。此外，还从地球同步卫星平台提取了384幅图像，以时间作为三维维度，研究事件的一日结构强化。