The slamming wave force and pressure variabilities for monopile wave impacts are studied as functions of wave breaking shape and transverse perturbations on the breaking wave front. The impacting wave topology is characterized as slosh, flip-through, $\varOmega$ , overturning and fully broken. Fifty test repetitions are conducted for each type of wave impact to assess the variability of force impulse, force and pressure. The results for the unperturbed cases show that the slamming force is highest among the nominal slosh, flip-through and $\varOmega$ tests, and that the slamming force variability is highest for the first two. We demonstrate that the slamming force and pressure variabilities decrease notably after selecting and regrouping the tests by similar crest heights and temporal slopes measured at an upstream wave gauge. The group representing $\varOmega$ wave impacts shows the largest mean slamming force and peak pressure, and their variability is the highest among all groups. Further, the effect of lateral perturbations on the pressure, force and impulse variabilities is investigated. Due to the perturbations, the slamming pressure variability for the wave impacts in which the wave front hits the monopile surface increases significantly. The variability of the slamming force is also increased for the perturbed impacts; however, it is smaller than the slamming pressure variability. The force impulse variability shows a low sensitivity to perturbations, and its magnitude is smaller than that of the force variability. Finally, the slamming pressure using fifteen pressure sensors for five selected events is studied. For these tests, oscillations at frequencies associated with structural or bubble oscillations are seen. Further, the air entertainment is documented through video recordings.

中文翻译：

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波前扰动对单桩波浪冲击载荷变化的影响

研究了单桩波冲击的砰击波力和压力变化作为波破碎形状和破碎波前横向扰动的函数。冲击波拓扑结构的特点是晃动、翻转、 $\var欧米茄$ ，倾覆并完全破碎。对每种类型的波浪冲击进行五十次重复测试，以评估力脉冲、力和压力的变化。未受扰动情况下的结果表明，在标称晃动、翻转和碰撞中，撞击力最高。 $\var欧米茄$ 测试表明，前两项的撞击力变异性最高。我们证明，通过在上游波浪计测量的类似波峰高度和时间斜率来选择和重新组合测试后，撞击力和压力变化显着降低。该团体代表 $\var欧米茄$ 波浪冲击显示出最大的平均撞击力和峰值压力，并且其变异性在所有组中是最高的。此外，还研究了横向扰动对压力、力和脉冲变化的影响。由于扰动，波前撞击单桩表面的波浪冲击的砰击压力变化显着增加。对于扰动冲击，撞击力的可变性也会增加；然而，它小于砰击压力的变化。力脉冲变异性对扰动表现出较低的敏感性，并且其幅度小于力变异性。最后，研究了使用十五个压力传感器对五个选定事件的砰击压力。对于这些测试，可以看到与结构或气泡振荡相关的频率的振荡。此外，空中娱乐活动也通过视频记录下来。