The preservation of green spaces in rapid urbanization emerges as a critical concern, posing a significant challenge in fostering green cities. This research centers on the Red River Delta, employing it as a case study to delve into the intricate interplay between population dynamics, economic vitality, and the maintenance of green spaces, elucidating nuanced effects discernible in urban and rural areas. This study utilizes the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to depict spatiotemporal changes in green space from 2009 to 2022. The results revealed a discernible decline in urban and rural green spaces in the first eight years and increased slightly afterwards. The results underscore the salient impact of economic and population factors on green space in rural locales, contrasting with the predominant role of population characteristics in urban settings. Specifically, immigration rates and population density emerge as pivotal determinants influencing green spaces in both contexts. The study discloses a heterogeneous association between green spaces and economic development, marked by a positive correlation in urban areas and a negative impact in rural expanses. Moreover, the implications of population and economic vitality on green spaces exhibit variability contingent upon the cities’ function. This research extends the scope of urban development theory. It contributes to the discourse on sustainable urban green development, offering empirical evidence derived from the distinctive context of the Red River Delta in Vietnam.

中文翻译：

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城乡绿地时空变化趋势及其与人口和经济活力的异质关系——来自越南红河三角洲的证据

在快速城市化过程中保护绿色空间成为一个关键问题，对培育绿色城市提出了重大挑战。本研究以红河三角洲为中心，以红河三角洲为案例研究，深入研究人口动态、经济活力和绿地维护之间复杂的相互作用，阐明城市和农村地区的微妙影响。本研究利用归一化植被指数（NDVI）来描绘2009年至2022年绿地的时空变化。结果显示，城乡绿地在前八年明显下降，随后略有上升。结果强调了经济和人口因素对农村地区绿地的显着影响，与城市环境中人口特征的主导作用形成鲜明对比。具体而言，移民率和人口密度成为影响这两种情况下绿色空间的关键决定因素。该研究揭示了绿色空间与经济发展之间的异质关联，其特点是城市地区呈正相关，而农村地区则呈负相关。此外，人口和经济活力对绿色空间的影响表现出取决于城市功能的可变性。这项研究扩展了城市发展理论的范围。它为可持续城市绿色发展的讨论做出了贡献，提供了来自越南红河三角洲独特背景的经验证据。