Lithium-oxygen (Li-O) batteries have attracted significant attention due to their ultra-high theoretical energy density. However, serious challenges, such as potential lag, low-rate capability, round-trip efficiency, and poor cycle stability, greatly limit their practical application. This review provides a comprehensive account of the development of Li-O batteries, elucidates the current discharge/charge mechanism, and highlights both the advantages and bottlenecks of this technology. In particular, recent research progress on various cathode materials, such as carbon-based materials, noble metals, and non-noble metals, for Li-O batteries is deeply reviewed, emphasizing the impact of design strategies, material structures, chemical compositions, and microphysical parameters on oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics, as well as discharge products and overall battery performance. This review will also shed light on future research directions for oxygen electrode catalysts and material construction to facilitate the development of Li-O batteries with maximized electrochemical performance.

中文翻译：

---

锂氧电池正极材料的研究进展

锂氧（Li-O）电池因其超高的理论能量密度而引起了广泛关注。然而，潜在的滞后、低倍率能力、往返效率和循环稳定性差等严重挑战极大地限制了它们的实际应用。这篇综述全面介绍了锂氧电池的发展，阐明了当前的放电/充电机制，并强调了该技术的优势和瓶颈。特别是深入回顾了锂氧电池各种正极材料（如碳基材料、贵金属和非贵金属）的最新研究进展，强调了设计策略、材料结构、化学成分和性能的影响。氧还原反应（ORR）和析氧反应（OER）动力学的微物理参数，以及放电产物和整体电池性能。该综述还将揭示氧电极催化剂和材料结构的未来研究方向，以促进电化学性能最大化的锂氧电池的开发。