Organophosphorus compounds (OP) are highly toxic pesticides and nerve agents widely used in agriculture and chemical warfare. The extensive use of these chemicals has severe environmental implications, such as contamination of soil, water bodies, and food chains, thus endangering ecosystems and biodiversity. Plants absorb pesticide residues, which then enter the food chain and accumulate in the body fat of both humans and animals. Numerous human cases of OP poisoning have been linked to both acute and long-term exposure to these toxic OP compounds. These compounds inhibit the action of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) by phosphorylation, which prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter into choline and acetate. Thus, it becomes vital to cleanse the environment from these chemicals utilizing various physical, chemical, and biological methods. Biological methods encompassing bioremediation using immobilized microbes and enzymes have emerged as environment-friendly and cost-effective approaches for pesticide removal. Cell/enzyme immobilized systems offer higher stability, reusability, and ease of product recovery, making them ideal tools for OP bioremediation. Interestingly, enzymatic bioscavengers (stoichiometric, pseudo-catalytic, and catalytic) play a vital role in detoxifying pesticides from the human body. Catalytic bioscavenging enzymes such as Organophosphate Hydrolase, Organophosphorus acid anhydrolase, and Paraoxonase 1 show high degradation efficiency within the animal body as well as in the environment. Moreover, these enzymes can also be employed to decontaminate pesticides from food, ensuring food safety and thus minimizing human exposure. This review aims to provide insights to potential collaborators in research organizations, government bodies, and industries to bring advancements in the field of bioremediation and bioscavenging technologies for the mitigation of OP-induced health hazards.

中文翻译：

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用于消除有机磷威胁的生物修复和生物清除：一种利用酶促进步的方法

有机磷化合物（OP）是剧毒农药和神经毒剂，广泛用于农业和化学战。这些化学品的广泛使用会产生严重的环境影响，例如污染土壤、水体和食物链，从而危及生态系统和生物多样性。植物吸收农药残留，然后进入食物链并在人类和动物的体内脂肪中积累。许多人类 OP 中毒病例与急性和长期接触这些有毒的 OP 化合物有关。这些化合物通过磷酸化抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶 (AChE) 的作用，从而防止乙酰胆碱 (ACh) 神经递质分解为胆碱和乙酸。因此，利用各种物理、化学和生物方法清除环境中的这些化学物质变得至关重要。包括使用固定化微生物和酶进行生物修复的生物方法已成为环境友好且具有成本效益的农药去除方法。细胞/酶固定系统具有更高的稳定性、可重复使用性和易于产品回收的特点，使其成为 OP 生物修复的理想工具。有趣的是，酶生物清除剂（化学计量、拟催化和催化）在人体杀虫剂解毒中发挥着至关重要的作用。催化生物清除酶，如有机磷酸水解酶、有机磷酸酐酶和对氧磷酶 1 在动物体内以及环境中表现出高降解效率。此外，这些酶还可用于净化食品中的农药，确保食品安全，从而最大限度地减少人类接触。本综述旨在为研究组织、政府机构和行业的潜在合作者提供见解，以推动生物修复和生物清除技术领域的进步，以减轻OP引起的健康危害。