Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious threat to public health on a worldwide scale and has made it extremely difficult to effectively control connected infectious diseases. Due to rapid spread of antibacterial resistance among bacteria, it has become necessary to unveil alternative therapies and medications to combat AMR as commercially available antibiotics are becoming less effective. Recently, nanotechnology has become a fast expanding field with several applications in biomedical sciences. Simultaneously, silver has gained popularity as a comparatively safe antibacterial substance and disinfectant. A wide range of antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities are exhibited by silver nanoparticles. In this current study, Clerodendrum glandulosum leaf extract was used for a simple, economical, and environmentally friendly production of biofunctionalized silver nanoparticles for evaluation of antibacterial efficacy. UV–visible spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis of silver nanoparticles giving absorption maxima at 450 nm due to surface plasmon resonance. From the scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, the average size of the particles was determined to be 150–200 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis was used to confirm the elemental composition of the biofunctionalized silver nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction pattern and the Fourier transform infrared spectrogram have confirmed the crystalline nature and successful biofabrication of silver nanoparticles. The MBC values of the silver nanoparticles have been reported to be in the range of 10–20 µg/ml for a fixed population of bacteria, which is significant when compared to the MBC values of gentamicin against the same four strains. Therefore, biofunctionalization of phytoconstituents on nanosurface might improve silver nanoparticles' antibacterial activity as well as their biocompatibility.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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利用臭树叶提取物制备生物功能化纳米银并评价其抗菌功效

抗菌素耐药性（AMR）对全球范围内的公共卫生构成严重威胁，并使有效控制相关传染病变得极其困难。由于细菌耐药性在细菌中迅速传播，随着市售抗生素的效果越来越差，有必要推出替代疗法和药物来对抗抗菌素耐药性。最近，纳米技术已成为一个快速发展的领域，在生物医学领域有多种应用。同时，银作为一种相对安全的抗菌物质和消毒剂而受到欢迎。银纳米粒子表现出广泛的抗菌、抗真菌和抗病毒活性。在当前的研究中，使用Clerodendrum mudulosum叶提取物来简单、经济、环保地生产生物功能化银纳米粒子，以评估抗菌功效。紫外-可见光谱证实了银纳米颗粒的合成，由于表面等离子共振，在 450 nm 处具有最大吸收。根据扫描电子显微镜和动态光散射，确定颗粒的平均尺寸为 150-200 nm。使用能量色散 X 射线分析来确认生物功能化银纳米粒子的元素组成。 X射线衍射图和傅里叶变换红外光谱图证实了银纳米粒子的晶体性质和成功的生物制造。据报道，对于固定的细菌群，银纳米颗粒的 MBC 值在 10–20 µg/ml 范围内，与庆大霉素针对相同四种菌株的 MBC 值相比，这是显着的。因此，纳米表面植物成分的生物功能化可能会提高银纳米颗粒的抗菌活性及其生物相容性。

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