This study examines the acculturation strategies and adaptation outcomes of two generations of the Russian ethnic minority in two post-Soviet republics, Estonia and Kyrgyzstan. Theoretical analysis suggests two possible alternative strategies of adaptation, namely integration and assimilation. These are based on their preferred way of acculturating and on the social capital (bridging and bonding) that they have accumulated. We expected that the preferred way of acculturating would depend on some contextual characteristics, such as cultural distance and the state policy towards the ethnic minority. In each of the two countries, the members of two generations of Russians were surveyed, including adults who were socialized during Soviet time and those whose socialization occurred after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The total sample (N = 687) included the following four subsamples: Estonian adult Russians (N = 234); Estonian young Russians (N = 152); Kyrgyz adult Russians (N = 150); and Kyrgyz young Russians (N = 150). The results allow us to conclude that in a cultural context that is culturally similar and with a restrictive sociopolitical climate (Estonia), the adaptation of an ethnic minority generation-to-generation changes from the strategy of assimilation to integration. In a context characterized by a larger cultural distance, and a more inclusive sociopolitical climate (Kyrgyzstan), the adaptation of an ethnic minority generation-to-generation goes in the opposite direction: from the older generation's attempts to integrate towards assimilation among the younger generation. However, both strategies lead to similar outcomes in terms of their level of psychological adaptation.

中文翻译：

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同一少数民族两代人在不同社会政治背景下的文化适应策略和心理适应

本研究考察了爱沙尼亚和吉尔吉斯斯坦这两个后苏联共和国的两代俄罗斯少数民族的文化适应策略和适应结果。理论分析提出了两种可能的替代适应策略，即整合和同化。这些都是基于他们偏好的文化适应方式以及他们积累的社会资本（桥梁和纽带）。我们预计，首选的文化适应方式将取决于一些背景特征，例如文化距离和国家对少数民族的政策。在这两个国家，对两代俄罗斯人的成员进行了调查，包括苏联时期社会化的成年人和苏联解体后社会化的成年人。总样本 (N = 687) 包括以下四个子样本： 爱沙尼亚成年俄罗斯人 (N = 234)；爱沙尼亚年轻俄罗斯人（N = 152）；吉尔吉斯成年俄罗斯人（N = 150）；和吉尔吉斯斯坦年轻的俄罗斯人（N = 150）。结果使我们得出结论，在文化相似且具有限制性社会政治气候的文化背景下（爱沙尼亚），少数族裔一代又一代的适应从同化策略转变为融合策略。在以更大的文化距离和更具包容性的社会政治气候为特征的背景下（吉尔吉斯斯坦），少数民族一代一代的适应走向了相反的方向：从老一代人试图融入到年轻一代人的同化。然而，这两种策略在心理适应水平方面都会产生相似的结果。